<p class="MsoNormal" dir="rtl" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed; text-align: center; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto" align="center"><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 18pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: "times new roman"">في اللسانيات</span><span dir="ltr"></span><span lang="AR-SA" dir="ltr" style="font-size: 18pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: "times new roman""><span dir="ltr"></span> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 18pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: "times new roman"">التوليدية<br />للدكتور محمد عمر أمطوش</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" dir="rtl" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed; text-align: right"><span dir="ltr" style="font-size: 12pt; color: firebrick; font-family: "times new roman""><p> </p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" dir="rtl" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed; text-align: right"><span dir="ltr" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue"><p><font face="Verdana"> </font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" dir="rtl" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed; text-align: right; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: "times new roman"">ما يلي جواب على سؤال أحد الطلاب في</span><span dir="ltr"></span><span lang="AR-SA" dir="ltr" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: "times new roman""><span dir="ltr"></span> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: "times new roman"">منتدى خاص حول اللسانيات التوليدية وقد نشرته في هذا الملف لكي يستفيد السائل مما</span><span dir="ltr"></span><span lang="AR-SA" dir="ltr" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: "times new roman""><span dir="ltr"></span> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: "times new roman"">قيل عاليه في مجال الدلالية التوليدية شاكرا كاتب النص السالف على حسن فعله آملا من</span><span dir="ltr"></span><span lang="AR-SA" dir="ltr" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: "times new roman""><span dir="ltr"></span> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: "times new roman"">الزملاء تغذية هذا الملف بما ينفع المبتدئ والمتبحر من هذه</span><span dir="ltr"></span><span lang="AR-SA" dir="ltr" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: "times new roman""><span dir="ltr"></span> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: "times new roman"">الكتابات</span><span dir="ltr"></span><span dir="ltr" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: "times new roman""><span dir="ltr"></span>.</span><span dir="ltr" style="font-size: 12pt; color: firebrick; font-family: "times new roman""><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" dir="rtl" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed; text-align: right"><span dir="ltr" style="font-size: 12pt; color: firebrick; font-family: "times new roman""><p> </p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" dir="rtl" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed; text-align: right; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: "times new roman"">ولا أهدف هنا قطعا إلى تقديم نظرة</span><span dir="ltr"></span><span lang="AR-SA" dir="ltr" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: "times new roman""><span dir="ltr"></span> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: "times new roman"">شاملة موسعة أو جديدة عن النظرية التوليدية فذلك هدف يتطلب مجلدات</span><span dir="ltr"></span><span lang="AR-SA" dir="ltr" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: "times new roman""><span dir="ltr"></span> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: "times new roman"">كاملة</span><span dir="ltr"></span><span dir="ltr" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: "times new roman""><span dir="ltr"></span>. </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: "times new roman"">وما أقصده بسيط في مراميه</span><span dir="ltr"></span><span dir="ltr" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: "times new roman""><span dir="ltr"></span> : </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: "times new roman"">تقديم</span><span dir="ltr"></span><span lang="AR-SA" dir="ltr" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: "times new roman""><span dir="ltr"></span> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: "times new roman"">صورة مبسطة لبعض منطلقات هذه المدرسة</span><span dir="ltr"></span><span dir="ltr" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: "times new roman""><span dir="ltr"></span>. </span><span dir="ltr" style="font-size: 12pt; color: firebrick; font-family: "times new roman""><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" dir="rtl" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed; text-align: right"><span dir="ltr" style="font-size: 12pt; color: firebrick"><p><font face="Verdana"> </font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" dir="rtl" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed; text-align: right; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: "times new roman"">وبداية</span><span dir="ltr"></span><span dir="ltr" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: "times new roman""><span dir="ltr"></span> : </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: "times new roman"">يقال</span><span dir="ltr"></span><span dir="ltr" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: "times new roman""><span dir="ltr"></span> "</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: "times new roman"">النحو التوليدي</span><span dir="ltr"></span><span dir="ltr" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: "times new roman""><span dir="ltr"></span>" </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: "times new roman"">أو</span><span dir="ltr"></span><span dir="ltr" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: "times new roman""><span dir="ltr"></span> "</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: "times new roman"">النحو التحويلي</span><span dir="ltr"></span><span dir="ltr" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: "times new roman""><span dir="ltr"></span>" </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: "times new roman"">ومن الأحسن استعمال التوليدي لأن التحويلي ما هو إلا</span><span dir="ltr"></span><span lang="AR-SA" dir="ltr" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: "times new roman""><span dir="ltr"></span> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: "times new roman"">حالة خاصة للتوليدي عند شومسكي وقد تستعمل</span><span dir="ltr"></span><span dir="ltr" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: "times new roman""><span dir="ltr"></span> "</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: "times new roman"">التحويلية</span><span dir="ltr"></span><span dir="ltr" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: "times new roman""><span dir="ltr"></span>" </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: "times new roman"">في نظريات أخرى</span><span dir="ltr"></span><span lang="AR-SA" dir="ltr" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: "times new roman""><span dir="ltr"></span> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: "times new roman"">مغايرة</span><span dir="ltr"></span><span dir="ltr" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: "times new roman""><span dir="ltr"></span>. </span><span dir="ltr" style="font-size: 12pt; color: firebrick; font-family: "times new roman""><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" dir="rtl" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed; text-align: right"><span dir="ltr" style="font-size: 12pt; color: firebrick; font-family: "times new roman""><p> </p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" dir="rtl" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed; text-align: right"><span dir="ltr" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt"><p><font face="Verdana"> </font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" dir="rtl" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed; text-align: right; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: "times new roman"">اللسانيات التوليدية</span><span dir="ltr"></span><span lang="AR-SA" dir="ltr" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: "times new roman""><span dir="ltr"></span> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: "times new roman"">والتوزيعية</span><span dir="ltr"></span><span dir="ltr" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: "times new roman""><span dir="ltr"></span>:</span><span dir="ltr" style="font-size: 12pt; color: firebrick; font-family: "times new roman""><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" dir="rtl" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed; text-align: right"><span dir="ltr" style="font-size: 12pt; color: firebrick; font-family: "times new roman""><p> </p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" dir="rtl" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed; text-align: right; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: "times new roman"">إذا كان هاريس قد سار باللسانيات</span><span dir="ltr"></span><span lang="AR-SA" dir="ltr" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: "times new roman""><span dir="ltr"></span> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: "times new roman"">التوزيعية إلى أقصى مداها فإن تلميذه ناعوم شومسكي بعد أن اهتم بصورنة</span><span dir="ltr"></span><span dir="ltr" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: "times new roman""><span dir="ltr"></span> (</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: "times new roman"">بالمعنى المنطقي الرياضي</span><span dir="ltr"></span><span dir="ltr" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: "times new roman""><span dir="ltr"></span>) </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: "times new roman"">المفاهيم</span><span dir="ltr"></span><span lang="AR-SA" dir="ltr" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: "times new roman""><span dir="ltr"></span> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: "times new roman"">الأساسية في النظرية التوزيعية قد طرح بعد ذلك مفهوما جديدا عرف بالتوليدية في</span><span dir="ltr"></span><span lang="AR-SA" dir="ltr" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: "times new roman""><span dir="ltr"></span> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: "times new roman"">اللسانيات</span><span dir="ltr"></span><span dir="ltr" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: "times new roman""><span dir="ltr"></span>. </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: "times new roman"">وهو مفهوم يتعارض مع أسس</span><span dir="ltr"></span><span lang="AR-SA" dir="ltr" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: "times new roman""><span dir="ltr"></span> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: "times new roman"">التوزيعية وسيطر على ميدان الدراسات اللسانية الأمريكية وغيرها ما بين</span><span dir="ltr"></span><span dir="ltr" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: "times new roman""><span dir="ltr"></span> 1960 </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: "times new roman"">و</span><span dir="ltr"></span><span dir="ltr" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: "times new roman""><span dir="ltr"></span>1985.</span><span dir="ltr" style="font-size: 12pt; color: firebrick; font-family: "times new roman""><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" dir="rtl" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed; text-align: right"><span dir="ltr" style="font-size: 12pt; color: firebrick; font-family: "times new roman""><p> </p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" dir="rtl" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed; text-align: right"><span dir="ltr" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt"><p><font face="Verdana"> </font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" dir="rtl" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed; text-align: right; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: "times new roman"">ولم يحتفظ ناعوم شومسكي من</span><span dir="ltr"></span><span lang="AR-SA" dir="ltr" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: "times new roman""><span dir="ltr"></span> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: "times new roman"">التوزيعية إلا بخاصتها التوضيحية المُفصِحة</span><span dir="ltr"></span><span dir="ltr" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: "times new roman""><span dir="ltr"></span>. </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: "times new roman"">فالتوزيعية هي مفصحة أي</span><span dir="ltr"></span><span lang="AR-SA" dir="ltr" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: "times new roman""><span dir="ltr"></span> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: "times new roman"">أنها لا تستعمل نتائج وصفها للغات ولا تستعمل أي مفهوم أساسي غير معرف وأن أية فكرة</span><span dir="ltr"></span><span lang="AR-SA" dir="ltr" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: "times new roman""><span dir="ltr"></span> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: "times new roman"">يتوجب أن تكون معرفة مسبقا في اللغة المدروسة والموصوفة أو في اللسان عموما؛ وفكرة</span><span dir="ltr"></span><span lang="AR-SA" dir="ltr" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: "times new roman""><span dir="ltr"></span> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: "times new roman"">المحيط هي محورية عنده</span><span dir="ltr"></span><span dir="ltr" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: "times new roman""><span dir="ltr"></span> (</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: "times new roman"">أية وحدة في ملفوظ</span><span dir="ltr"></span><span lang="AR-SA" dir="ltr" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: "times new roman""><span dir="ltr"></span> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: "times new roman"">محاطة بوحدات ما</span><span dir="ltr"></span><span dir="ltr" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: "times new roman""><span dir="ltr"></span>) </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: "times new roman"">و هي مفهومة لمن لا</span><span dir="ltr"></span><span lang="AR-SA" dir="ltr" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: "times new roman""><span dir="ltr"></span> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: "times new roman"">تجربة كلامية شخصية</span><span dir="ltr"></span><span dir="ltr" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: "times new roman""><span dir="ltr"></span> (</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: "times new roman"">وهذا كافتراض</span><span dir="ltr"></span><span lang="AR-SA" dir="ltr" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: "times new roman""><span dir="ltr"></span> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: "times new roman"">عبثي</span><span dir="ltr"></span><span dir="ltr" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: "times new roman""><span dir="ltr"></span>).</span><span dir="ltr" style="font-size: 12pt; color: firebrick; font-family: "times new roman""><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" dir="rtl" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed; text-align: right"><span dir="ltr" style="font-size: 12pt; color: firebrick"><p><font face="Verdana"> </font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" dir="rtl" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed; text-align: right; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: "times new roman"">وهنا يكمن حسب شومسكي تفوق</span><span dir="ltr"></span><span lang="AR-SA" dir="ltr" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: "times new roman""><span dir="ltr"></span> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: "times new roman"">التوزيعية على باقي النحويات التقليدية وأيضا على اللسانيات الوظيفية والتي اهتمت</span><span dir="ltr"></span><span lang="AR-SA" dir="ltr" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: "times new roman""><span dir="ltr"></span> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: "times new roman"">بمقولات الترابط</span><span dir="ltr"></span><span dir="ltr" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: "times new roman""><span dir="ltr"></span> (</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: "times new roman"">سلسلة مرتبطة بأخرى</span><span dir="ltr"></span><span dir="ltr" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: "times new roman""><span dir="ltr"></span>) </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: "times new roman"">أو التعارض بين مسند وخبر</span><span dir="ltr"></span><span dir="ltr" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: "times new roman""><span dir="ltr"></span>(</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: "times new roman"">سلسلة</span><span dir="ltr"></span><span lang="AR-SA" dir="ltr" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: "times new roman""><span dir="ltr"></span> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: "times new roman"">كلم ما تمثل قصد الحديث وأخرى ما نريد إبلاغه</span><span dir="ltr"></span><span dir="ltr" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: "times new roman""><span dir="ltr"></span>) </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: "times new roman"">وفهمها جزء من ملكة اللغة وبالتالي وخوفا من تحصيل الحاصل لا يمكن أن تتخذ</span><span dir="ltr"></span><span lang="AR-SA" dir="ltr" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: "times new roman""><span dir="ltr"></span> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: "times new roman"">منطلقا لتفسير هذه الملكة</span><span dir="ltr"></span><span dir="ltr" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: "times new roman""><span dir="ltr"></span>.</span><span dir="ltr" style="font-size: 12pt; color: firebrick; font-family: "times new roman""><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" dir="rtl" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed; text-align: right"><span dir="ltr" style="font-size: 12pt; color: firebrick"><p><font face="Verdana"> </font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" dir="rtl" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed; text-align: right; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: "times new roman"">و شومسكي يرى أن التوزيعية جريا</span><span dir="ltr"></span><span lang="AR-SA" dir="ltr" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: "times new roman""><span dir="ltr"></span> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: "times new roman"">وراء الإفصاح تقدم تنازلات يستحيل تقبلها</span><span dir="ltr"></span><span dir="ltr" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: "times new roman""><span dir="ltr"></span>.</span><span dir="ltr" style="font-size: 12pt; color: firebrick; font-family: "times new roman""><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" dir="rtl" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed; text-align: right"><span dir="ltr" style="font-size: 12pt; color: firebrick; font-family: "times new roman""><p> </p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" dir="rtl" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed; text-align: right; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: "times new roman"">فأولا تحصر التوزيعية بشكل ضيق مجال</span><span dir="ltr"></span><span lang="AR-SA" dir="ltr" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: "times new roman""><span dir="ltr"></span> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: "times new roman"">موضوعها لأن اللغة أوسع وتختلف عن المتن</span><span dir="ltr"></span><span dir="ltr" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: "times new roman""><span dir="ltr"></span>.</span><span dir="ltr" style="font-size: 12pt; color: firebrick; font-family: "times new roman""><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" dir="rtl" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed; text-align: right"><span dir="ltr" style="font-size: 12pt; color: firebrick; font-family: "times new roman""><p> </p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" dir="rtl" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed; text-align: right; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: "times new roman"">وحيث أن المتن تعريفا هو مجموعة</span><span dir="ltr"></span><span lang="AR-SA" dir="ltr" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: "times new roman""><span dir="ltr"></span> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: "times new roman"">محصورة من الملفوظات، إن أن كل لغة تمكن من عدد غير محصور من</span><span dir="ltr"></span><span lang="AR-SA" dir="ltr" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: "times new roman""><span dir="ltr"></span> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: "times new roman"">الملفوظات</span><span dir="ltr"></span><span dir="ltr" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: "times new roman""><span dir="ltr"></span>: </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: "times new roman"">لأنه لا حد لعدد</span><span dir="ltr"></span><span dir="ltr" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: "times new roman""><span dir="ltr"></span> "</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: "times new roman"">التعابير</span><span dir="ltr"></span><span dir="ltr" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: "times new roman""><span dir="ltr"></span>" </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: "times new roman"">الممكن تضمينها في جملة</span><span dir="ltr"></span><span lang="AR-SA" dir="ltr" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: "times new roman""><span dir="ltr"></span> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: "times new roman"">عربية مثلا، إذ يمكن انطلاقا من أي ملفوظ عربي إنشاء ملفوظ آخر تام النحوية</span><span dir="ltr"></span><span lang="AR-SA" dir="ltr" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: "times new roman""><span dir="ltr"></span> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: "times new roman"">والتكوين</span><span dir="ltr"></span><span dir="ltr" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: "times new roman""><span dir="ltr"></span> ( </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: "times new roman"">بزيادة موصولة</span><span dir="ltr"></span><span lang="AR-SA" dir="ltr" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: "times new roman""><span dir="ltr"></span> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: "times new roman"">مثلا</span><span dir="ltr"></span><span dir="ltr" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: "times new roman""><span dir="ltr"></span>).</span><span dir="ltr" style="font-size: 12pt; color: firebrick; font-family: "times new roman""><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" dir="rtl" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed; text-align: right"><span dir="ltr" style="font-size: 12pt; color: firebrick"><p><font face="Verdana"> </font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" dir="rtl" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed; text-align: right; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: "times new roman"">وبحكم منهجيتها فإن التوزيعية</span><span dir="ltr"></span><span lang="AR-SA" dir="ltr" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: "times new roman""><span dir="ltr"></span> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: "times new roman"">تتجاهل هذه القدرة الغير محصورة الموجودة في كل لغة</span><span dir="ltr"></span><span dir="ltr" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: "times new roman""><span dir="ltr"></span> ( </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: "times new roman"">وهو ما يسميه شومسكي</span><span dir="ltr"></span><span lang="AR-SA" dir="ltr" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: "times new roman""><span dir="ltr"></span> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: "times new roman"">بالابتكار الذي تمنحه اللغة للناطقين بها ويمكنهم من بناء وإنشاء ملفوظات جديدة عوض</span><span dir="ltr"></span><span lang="AR-SA" dir="ltr" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: "times new roman""><span dir="ltr"></span> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: "times new roman"">الاكتفاء بالاختيار من بين رصيد جملي سابق الوجود</span><span dir="ltr"></span><span dir="ltr" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: "times new roman""><span dir="ltr"></span>).</span><span dir="ltr" style="font-size: 12pt; color: firebrick; font-family: "times new roman""><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" dir="rtl" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed; text-align: right"><span dir="ltr" style="font-size: 12pt; color: firebrick"><p><font face="Verdana"> </font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" dir="rtl" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed; text-align: right; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: "times new roman"">وأزيد من ذلك فاللغة ليست مجموعة</span><span dir="ltr"></span><span lang="AR-SA" dir="ltr" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: "times new roman""><span dir="ltr"></span> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: "times new roman"">ملفوظات</span><span dir="ltr"></span><span dir="ltr" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: "times new roman""><span dir="ltr"></span> (</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: "times new roman"">محدودة أم لا</span><span dir="ltr"></span><span dir="ltr" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: "times new roman""><span dir="ltr"></span>) </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: "times new roman"">ولكنها علم بهذه</span><span dir="ltr"></span><span lang="AR-SA" dir="ltr" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: "times new roman""><span dir="ltr"></span> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: "times new roman"">الملفوظات ذاتها</span><span dir="ltr"></span><span dir="ltr" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: "times new roman""><span dir="ltr"></span>. </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: "times new roman"">فلا يمكن الحديث عن</span><span dir="ltr"></span><span lang="AR-SA" dir="ltr" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: "times new roman""><span dir="ltr"></span> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: "times new roman"">معرفة شخص بلغة ما إذا لم يكن قادرا على التفريق بين الملفوظات الغامضة الملتبسة</span><span dir="ltr"></span><span lang="AR-SA" dir="ltr" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: "times new roman""><span dir="ltr"></span> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: "times new roman"">والملفوظات أحادية التفسير وإذا كان لا يرى بأن ملفوظات لها نفس البناء التركيبي</span><span dir="ltr"></span><span lang="AR-SA" dir="ltr" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: "times new roman""><span dir="ltr"></span> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: "times new roman"">وبأن الأخرى مختلفة التركيب أي أنه لا يفطن للفرق والتشابه بين</span><span dir="ltr"></span><span lang="AR-SA" dir="ltr" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: "times new roman""><span dir="ltr"></span> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: "times new roman"">التراكيب</span><span dir="ltr"></span><span dir="ltr" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: "times new roman""><span dir="ltr"></span>. </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: "times new roman"">ولكن التوزيعيين يجردون اغتباطا</span><span dir="ltr"></span><span lang="AR-SA" dir="ltr" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: "times new roman""><span dir="ltr"></span> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: "times new roman"">الناطقين من هذا العلم بلغتهم الخاصة، ويكتفون بوصف طريقة تآلف الوحدات فيما بينها</span><span dir="ltr"></span><span lang="AR-SA" dir="ltr" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: "times new roman""><span dir="ltr"></span> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: "times new roman"">داخل الملفوظات</span><span dir="ltr"></span><span dir="ltr" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: "times new roman""><span dir="ltr"></span>.</span><span dir="ltr" style="font-size: 12pt; color: firebrick; font-family: "times new roman""><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" dir="rtl" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed; text-align: right"><span dir="ltr" style="font-size: 12pt; color: firebrick"><p><font face="Verdana"> </font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" dir="rtl" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed; text-align: right; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: "times new roman"">وحتى لو تقبلنا اختزال المجال</span><span dir="ltr"></span><span lang="AR-SA" dir="ltr" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: "times new roman""><span dir="ltr"></span> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: "times new roman"">الموصوف المدروس</span><span dir="ltr"></span><span dir="ltr" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: "times new roman""><span dir="ltr"></span> (</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: "times new roman"">إذ وصف الكلمحال</span><span dir="ltr"></span><span dir="ltr" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: "times new roman""><span dir="ltr"></span>) </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: "times new roman"">فهناك تنازل وتجاهل آخر للتوزيعيين ينتقده شومسكي وهو الاكتفاء بالوصف دون</span><span dir="ltr"></span><span lang="AR-SA" dir="ltr" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: "times new roman""><span dir="ltr"></span> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: "times new roman"">التفسير</span><span dir="ltr"></span><span dir="ltr" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: "times new roman""><span dir="ltr"></span>.</span><span dir="ltr" style="font-size: 12pt; color: firebrick; font-family: "times new roman""><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" dir="rtl" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed; text-align: right"><span dir="ltr" style="font-size: 12pt; color: firebrick"><p><font face="Verdana"> </font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" dir="rtl" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed; text-align: right; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: "times new roman"">وسيرا على هذه المنهجية يكون تلامذة</span><span dir="ltr"></span><span lang="AR-SA" dir="ltr" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: "times new roman""><span dir="ltr"></span> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: "times new roman"">بلومفيلد أوفياء لمنهج تجريبي يرى أن العلم يجب أن يكتفي بوصف الظواهر وترتيبها</span><span dir="ltr"></span><span lang="AR-SA" dir="ltr" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: "times new roman""><span dir="ltr"></span> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: "times new roman"">وبذلك تختزل مهمة الباحث إلى جور التصنيف، وهذا بالذات هو هم التوزيعية</span><span dir="ltr"></span><span lang="AR-SA" dir="ltr" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: "times new roman""><span dir="ltr"></span> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: "times new roman"">الأساسي</span><span dir="ltr"></span><span dir="ltr" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: "times new roman""><span dir="ltr"></span>. </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: "times new roman"">حيث يغدو النحو ترتيبا لا غير لأقسام الكلم</span><span dir="ltr"></span><span dir="ltr" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: "times new roman""><span dir="ltr"></span>( </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: "times new roman"">صواتم وصياغم وكلمات</span><span dir="ltr"></span><span dir="ltr" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: "times new roman""><span dir="ltr"></span>...) </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: "times new roman"">وحيث أن القصد هو جمع المتشابه من الأقسام والأجناس المتوزعة فإنه يمكن، كما</span><span dir="ltr"></span><span lang="AR-SA" dir="ltr" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: "times new roman""><span dir="ltr"></span> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: "times new roman"">قال هاريس، من أن تصبح التوزيعية نوعا من الوصفية الكتلية لمتن ومن خلال هذا</span><span dir="ltr"></span><span lang="AR-SA" dir="ltr" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: "times new roman""><span dir="ltr"></span> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: "times new roman"">الترتيب يصبح ممكنا إعادة صياغة كل ملفوظات المتن</span><span dir="ltr"></span><span dir="ltr" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: "times new roman""><span dir="ltr"></span>. </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: "times new roman"">وعلى العكس فبالنسبة لشومسكي فإن هدف أي علم متطور ومنها</span><span dir="ltr"></span><span lang="AR-SA" dir="ltr" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: "times new roman""><span dir="ltr"></span> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: "times new roman"">اللسانيات يتجاوز حدود الوصف والترتيب إلى تقديم أطروحات مفسرة</span><span dir="ltr"></span><span dir="ltr" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: "times new roman""><span dir="ltr"></span>.</span><span dir="ltr" style="font-size: 12pt; color: firebrick; font-family: "times new roman""><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" dir="rtl" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed; text-align: right"><span dir="ltr" style="font-size: 12pt; color: firebrick; font-family: "times new roman""><p> </p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" dir="rtl" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed; text-align: right"><span dir="ltr" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt"><p><font face="Verdana"> </font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" dir="rtl" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed; text-align: right; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: "times new roman"">ويجب أن لا تكتفي اللسانيات بتجديد</span><span dir="ltr"></span><span lang="AR-SA" dir="ltr" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: "times new roman""><span dir="ltr"></span> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: "times new roman"">ما هي الحالات والكتل الممكنة والمحالة والمستحيلة والملتبسة أو المتقاربة بل يجب</span><span dir="ltr"></span><span lang="AR-SA" dir="ltr" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: "times new roman""><span dir="ltr"></span> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: "times new roman"">ربط هذه الجزئيات بما هو أعم أي لغات البشرية وطبيعة قدرة البشر</span><span dir="ltr"></span><span lang="AR-SA" dir="ltr" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: "times new roman""><span dir="ltr"></span> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: "times new roman"">اللغوية</span><span dir="ltr"></span><span dir="ltr" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: "times new roman""><span dir="ltr"></span>. </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: "times new roman"">ولذلك طرح شومسكي تعريفا جديدا للنحو وللسانيات يجمع بين الشمولية</span><span dir="ltr"></span><span lang="AR-SA" dir="ltr" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: "times new roman""><span dir="ltr"></span> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: "times new roman"">والتفسيرية</span><span dir="ltr"></span><span dir="ltr" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: "times new roman""><span dir="ltr"></span>.</span><span dir="ltr" style="font-size: 12pt; color: firebrick; font-family: "times new roman""><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" dir="rtl" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed; text-align: right"><span dir="ltr" style="font-size: 12pt; color: firebrick; font-family: "times new roman""><p> </p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" dir="rtl" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed; text-align: right"><span dir="ltr" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt"><p><font face="Verdana"> </font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" dir="rtl" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed; text-align: right; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: "times new roman"">وبالنسبة لشومسكي فإن وصف التركيب</span><span dir="ltr"></span><span dir="ltr" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: "times new roman""><span dir="ltr"></span> (</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: "times new roman"">النحو التوليدي</span><span dir="ltr"></span><span dir="ltr" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: "times new roman""><span dir="ltr"></span>) </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: "times new roman"">للغة ما هو إلا</span><span dir="ltr"></span><span lang="AR-SA" dir="ltr" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: "times new roman""><span dir="ltr"></span> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: "times new roman"">مجموعة القواعد والتعليمات والتي بتطبيقها الآلي ينتج ملفوظ مقبول، أي نحوي، في هذه</span><span dir="ltr"></span><span lang="AR-SA" dir="ltr" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: "times new roman""><span dir="ltr"></span> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: "times new roman"">اللغة</span><span dir="ltr"></span><span dir="ltr" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: "times new roman""><span dir="ltr"></span>. </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: "times new roman"">وآلية هذه القواعد النحوية</span><span dir="ltr"></span><span lang="AR-SA" dir="ltr" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: "times new roman""><span dir="ltr"></span> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: "times new roman"">وتواترها تضمن وضوحها وفصاحتها وشموليتها وأي نحو ما هو إلا نظام شكلي رياضي ويكفي</span><span dir="ltr"></span><span lang="AR-SA" dir="ltr" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: "times new roman""><span dir="ltr"></span> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: "times new roman"">معرفة كيفية التعامل معه وبعناصره بكيفية تحددها القواعد</span><span dir="ltr"></span><span dir="ltr" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: "times new roman""><span dir="ltr"></span>(</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: "times new roman"">كالتعويض والحذف والزيادة</span><span dir="ltr"></span><span dir="ltr" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: "times new roman""><span dir="ltr"></span>).</span><span dir="ltr" style="font-size: 12pt; color: firebrick; font-family: "times new roman""><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" dir="rtl" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed; text-align: right"><span dir="ltr" style="font-size: 12pt; color: firebrick"><p><font face="Verdana"> </font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" dir="rtl" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed; text-align: right; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: "times new roman"">وحيث أن هذه العمليات لا تتطلب سابق</span><span dir="ltr"></span><span lang="AR-SA" dir="ltr" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: "times new roman""><span dir="ltr"></span> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: "times new roman"">معرفة باللسانيات فإنه يمكن اعتبار النحو كوصف شامل للغة ما</span><span dir="ltr"></span><span dir="ltr" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: "times new roman""><span dir="ltr"></span>. </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: "times new roman"">ولكي يكون النحو بهذه</span><span dir="ltr"></span><span lang="AR-SA" dir="ltr" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: "times new roman""><span dir="ltr"></span> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: "times new roman"">الشمولية يجب أن يساير شرطين</span><span dir="ltr"></span><span dir="ltr" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: "times new roman""><span dir="ltr"></span>: </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: "times new roman"">قدرة هذا</span><span dir="ltr"></span><span lang="AR-SA" dir="ltr" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: "times new roman""><span dir="ltr"></span> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: "times new roman"">النحو على توليد كل ملفوظات لغة لا غيرها بلا استثناء</span><span dir="ltr"></span><span dir="ltr" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: "times new roman""><span dir="ltr"></span>. </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: "times new roman"">هذا الشرط هو شرط المعاينة وهي بالنسبة لشومسكي ضعيفة التأثير</span><span dir="ltr"></span><span lang="AR-SA" dir="ltr" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: "times new roman""><span dir="ltr"></span> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: "times new roman"">لأن أية لغة يمكن أن تتحمل أزيد من نحو وحيد، زد لذلك أن كثيرا من الملفوظات</span><span dir="ltr"></span><span lang="AR-SA" dir="ltr" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: "times new roman""><span dir="ltr"></span> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: "times new roman"">والتراكيب يصعب تحديد مقبوليتها أو استحالتها بوضوح، وعلينا في هذه الحالة القبول</span><span dir="ltr"></span><span lang="AR-SA" dir="ltr" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: "times new roman""><span dir="ltr"></span> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: "times new roman"">في ذات الوقت بالنحو الذي يقبلها والنحو الذي يرفضها</span><span dir="ltr"></span><span dir="ltr" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: "times new roman""><span dir="ltr"></span>. </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: "times new roman"">والشرط الآخر هو</span><span dir="ltr"></span><span dir="ltr" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: "times new roman""><span dir="ltr"></span> "</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: "times new roman"">الملائمة القوية</span><span dir="ltr"></span><span dir="ltr" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: "times new roman""><span dir="ltr"></span>" </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: "times new roman"">وهي ترتبط بعلم</span><span dir="ltr"></span><span lang="AR-SA" dir="ltr" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: "times new roman""><span dir="ltr"></span> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: "times new roman"">الناطق الحسي على تمييز ملفوظات اللغة</span><span dir="ltr"></span><span dir="ltr" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: "times new roman""><span dir="ltr"></span>. </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: "times new roman"">ويجب أن تكون هذه المعرفة معممة وآلية</span><span dir="ltr"></span><span dir="ltr" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: "times new roman""><span dir="ltr"></span>. </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: "times new roman"">فبالنسبة للملفوظات الملتبسة يجب الرجوع إلى أسباب تولد هذا اللبس وبالضرورة</span><span dir="ltr"></span><span lang="AR-SA" dir="ltr" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: "times new roman""><span dir="ltr"></span> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: "times new roman"">فإن هناك علة ونفس الشيء صحيح للملفوظات المتقاربة</span><span dir="ltr"></span><span dir="ltr" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: "times new roman""><span dir="ltr"></span>.</span><span dir="ltr" style="font-size: 12pt; color: firebrick; font-family: "times new roman""><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" dir="rtl" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed; text-align: right"><span dir="ltr" style="font-size: 12pt; color: firebrick"><p><font face="Verdana"> </font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" dir="rtl" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed; text-align: right; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: "times new roman"">و بتبني شرط الملائمة المطلقة يبتعد</span><span dir="ltr"></span><span lang="AR-SA" dir="ltr" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: "times new roman""><span dir="ltr"></span> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: "times new roman"">شومسكي عن التوزيعية ومحاولتها وضع طرق آلية لاكتشاف النحو انطلاقا من المتن فإحساس</span><span dir="ltr"></span><span lang="AR-SA" dir="ltr" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: "times new roman""><span dir="ltr"></span> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: "times new roman"">الناطق لا يمكن تأليله مباشرة واستكشاف ذلك هو من عمل النحوي وقد يؤلل إنتاج الجمل</span><span dir="ltr"></span><span lang="AR-SA" dir="ltr" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: "times new roman""><span dir="ltr"></span> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: "times new roman"">بعد هذا الاكتشاف الأولي</span><span dir="ltr"></span><span dir="ltr" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: "times new roman""><span dir="ltr"></span>.</span><span dir="ltr" style="font-size: 12pt; color: firebrick; font-family: "times new roman""><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" dir="rtl" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed; text-align: right"><span dir="ltr" style="font-size: 12pt; color: firebrick; font-family: "times new roman""><p> </p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" dir="rtl" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed; text-align: right; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: "times new roman"">ورغم أن النحو التوليدي الشومسكي</span><span dir="ltr"></span><span lang="AR-SA" dir="ltr" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: "times new roman""><span dir="ltr"></span> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: "times new roman"">آلية مجردة فإن شومسكي لم يقل بأن الناطق يحاكي هذه الآلية حين يتلفظ في حياته</span><span dir="ltr"></span><span lang="AR-SA" dir="ltr" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: "times new roman""><span dir="ltr"></span> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: "times new roman"">العادية إذ أن نمط شومسكي ليس</span><span dir="ltr"></span><span dir="ltr" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: "times new roman""><span dir="ltr"></span> "</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: "times new roman"">نمط إنتاج</span><span dir="ltr"></span><span dir="ltr" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: "times new roman""><span dir="ltr"></span>" </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: "times new roman"">وهو ليس بنمط نفسي فهو لا يتعدى كونه وسيلة رياضية لمقاربة قدرات</span><span dir="ltr"></span><span lang="AR-SA" dir="ltr" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: "times new roman""><span dir="ltr"></span> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: "times new roman"">الناطق</span><span dir="ltr"></span><span dir="ltr" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: "times new roman""><span dir="ltr"></span>.</span><span dir="ltr" style="font-size: 12pt; color: firebrick; font-family: "times new roman""><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" dir="rtl" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed; text-align: right"><span dir="ltr" style="font-size: 12pt; color: firebrick"><p><font face="Verdana"> </font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" dir="rtl" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed; text-align: right; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: "times new roman"">وفي الحقيقة فبعمومية توليدية</span><span dir="ltr"></span><span lang="AR-SA" dir="ltr" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: "times new roman""><span dir="ltr"></span> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: "times new roman"">شومسكي وخصوصيتها الطبيعية لا يمكن التهرب من ربط الوسائل التوليدية بالآليات</span><span dir="ltr"></span><span lang="AR-SA" dir="ltr" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: "times new roman""><span dir="ltr"></span> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: "times new roman"">الذهنية وبالتالي إقحام التفسير النفسي</span><span dir="ltr"></span><span dir="ltr" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: "times new roman""><span dir="ltr"></span>.</span><span dir="ltr" style="font-size: 12pt; color: firebrick; font-family: "times new roman""><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" dir="rtl" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed; text-align: right"><span dir="ltr" style="font-size: 12pt; color: firebrick; font-family: "times new roman""><p> </p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" dir="rtl" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed; text-align: right"><span dir="ltr" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt"><p><font face="Verdana"> </font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" dir="rtl" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed; text-align: right; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: "times new roman"">إن الملائمة المطلقة تترك جانبا حل</span><span dir="ltr"></span><span lang="AR-SA" dir="ltr" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: "times new roman""><span dir="ltr"></span> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: "times new roman"">مسألة تعدد النحو وتترك خيار النحو مفتوحا إذ أن هذه المسألة هي من شأن</span><span dir="ltr"></span><span lang="AR-SA" dir="ltr" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: "times new roman""><span dir="ltr"></span> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: "times new roman"">اللسانيات</span><span dir="ltr"></span><span dir="ltr" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: "times new roman""><span dir="ltr"></span>. </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: "times new roman"">ويمكننا ترتيب أصناف النحو حسب نوعية الآليات المستعملة لتوليد الجمل أي حسب</span><span dir="ltr"></span><span lang="AR-SA" dir="ltr" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: "times new roman""><span dir="ltr"></span> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: "times new roman"">شكل القواعد</span><span dir="ltr"></span><span dir="ltr" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: "times new roman""><span dir="ltr"></span>. </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: "times new roman"">ويسمى شومسكي النظرية</span><span dir="ltr"></span><span lang="AR-SA" dir="ltr" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: "times new roman""><span dir="ltr"></span> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: "times new roman"">اللسانية كل نمط نحوي ممكن أي ذلك القالب الذي يشكل النحو</span><span dir="ltr"></span><span dir="ltr" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: "times new roman""><span dir="ltr"></span>. </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: "times new roman"">ولو تمكنا من تحديد واختيار نظرية معينة سنحصر بالتالي عدد</span><span dir="ltr"></span><span lang="AR-SA" dir="ltr" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: "times new roman""><span dir="ltr"></span> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: "times new roman"">أصناف النحو الممكنة</span><span dir="ltr"></span><span dir="ltr" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: "times new roman""><span dir="ltr"></span>.</span><span dir="ltr" style="font-size: 12pt; color: firebrick; font-family: "times new roman""><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" dir="rtl" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed; text-align: right"><span dir="ltr" style="font-size: 12pt; color: firebrick"><p><font face="Verdana"> </font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" dir="rtl" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed; text-align: right; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: "times new roman"">ولو كان بإمكاننا اختيار نظرية بدل</span><span dir="ltr"></span><span lang="AR-SA" dir="ltr" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: "times new roman""><span dir="ltr"></span> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: "times new roman"">أخرى لانتقينا النحو الممكن للغة معينة</span><span dir="ltr"></span><span dir="ltr" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: "times new roman""><span dir="ltr"></span>.</span><span dir="ltr" style="font-size: 12pt; color: firebrick; font-family: "times new roman""><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" dir="rtl" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed; text-align: right"><span dir="ltr" style="font-size: 12pt; color: firebrick; font-family: "times new roman""><p> </p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" dir="rtl" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed; text-align: right; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: "times new roman"">إذن ما هي الشروط الأساسية لتكون</span><span dir="ltr"></span><span lang="AR-SA" dir="ltr" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: "times new roman""><span dir="ltr"></span> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: "times new roman"">النظرية ملائمة؟</span><span dir="ltr" style="font-size: 12pt; color: firebrick; font-family: "times new roman""><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" dir="rtl" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed; text-align: right"><span dir="ltr" style="font-size: 12pt; color: firebrick; font-family: "times new roman""><p> </p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" dir="rtl" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed; text-align: right; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: "times new roman"">لكل لغة يمكن أن نبني انطلاقا من</span><span dir="ltr"></span><span lang="AR-SA" dir="ltr" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: "times new roman""><span dir="ltr"></span> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: "times new roman"">نمط هذه النظرية نحوا وصفيا ومشهودا ويجب أن تكون النظرية شاملة، غير أن هذا الشرط</span><span dir="ltr"></span><span lang="AR-SA" dir="ltr" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: "times new roman""><span dir="ltr"></span> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: "times new roman"">ليس بمتحقق</span><span dir="ltr"></span><span dir="ltr" style="font-size: 13.5pt; color: midnightblue; font-family: "times new roman""><span dir="ltr"></span>. </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 13
في اللسانيات التوليدية
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