الترجمة والمصطلحات

[admin_01]

<p class="MsoNormal" dir="rtl" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 12pt; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed; text-align: center" align="center"><strong><span lang="AR-IQ" style="font-size: 20pt; color: firebrick; font-family: &quot;traditional arabic&quot;; mso-ascii-font-family: 'times new roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'times new roman'; mso-bidi-language: ar-iq">الدكتور عبد الواحد محمد: <br />الترجمة رفدت اللغات بالمفردات الجديدة</span></strong><span dir="ltr"></span><strong><span lang="AR-IQ" dir="ltr" style="font-size: 20pt; color: firebrick; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-family: 'traditional arabic'"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></strong><strong><span lang="AR-IQ" style="font-size: 20pt; color: firebrick; font-family: &quot;traditional arabic&quot;; mso-ascii-font-family: 'times new roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'times new roman'; mso-bidi-language: ar-iq">والمصطلحات</span></strong><strong><span dir="ltr" style="font-size: 20pt; color: firebrick; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-family: &quot;traditional arabic&quot;"><p></p></span></strong></p><p class="MsoNormal" dir="rtl" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed; text-align: right"><strong><span dir="ltr" style="font-size: 20pt; color: firebrick; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-family: &quot;traditional arabic&quot;"></span></strong><strong><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 20pt; color: firebrick; font-family: &quot;traditional arabic&quot;; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;">حوار ـ  كاظم حسوني:</span></strong><strong><span dir="ltr" style="font-size: 20pt; color: firebrick; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-family: &quot;traditional arabic&quot;"></span></strong><strong><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 20pt; color: firebrick; font-family: &quot;traditional arabic&quot;; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;">للاستاذ الدكتور عبد الواحد محمد الكثير</span></strong><span dir="ltr"></span><strong><span lang="AR-SA" dir="ltr" style="font-size: 20pt; color: firebrick; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-family: &quot;traditional arabic&quot;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></strong><strong><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 20pt; color: firebrick; font-family: &quot;traditional arabic&quot;; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;">من الكتب المترجمة في حقل الفن الروائي والقصصي والشعري، اضافة الى عدد من الروايات</span></strong><span dir="ltr"></span><strong><span lang="AR-SA" dir="ltr" style="font-size: 20pt; color: firebrick; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-family: &quot;traditional arabic&quot;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></strong><strong><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 20pt; color: firebrick; font-family: &quot;traditional arabic&quot;; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;">والمسرحيات من الادب العالمي، فضلا عن كتابته لعشرات البحوث والدراسات في مختلف</span></strong><span dir="ltr"></span><strong><span lang="AR-SA" dir="ltr" style="font-size: 20pt; color: firebrick; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-family: &quot;traditional arabic&quot;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></strong><strong><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 20pt; color: firebrick; font-family: &quot;traditional arabic&quot;; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;">الصحف والمجلات المحلية والعربية.. حيث بدأ النشر منذ اكثر من اربعة عقود.<p></p></span></strong></p><p class="MsoNormal" dir="rtl" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed; text-align: right; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><strong><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 20pt; color: firebrick; font-family: &quot;traditional arabic&quot;; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;">وفي دراساته تناول افكار ونظريات النقاد والباحثين الغربيين في</span></strong><span dir="ltr"></span><strong><span lang="AR-SA" dir="ltr" style="font-size: 20pt; color: firebrick; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-family: &quot;traditional arabic&quot;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></strong><strong><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 20pt; color: firebrick; font-family: &quot;traditional arabic&quot;; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;">النقد والتحليل فيما يتعلق بسرديات الفن الروائي، وقضايا الشعر، والنقد الحديث..</span></strong><span dir="ltr"></span><strong><span lang="AR-SA" dir="ltr" style="font-size: 20pt; color: firebrick; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-family: &quot;traditional arabic&quot;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></strong><strong><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 20pt; color: firebrick; font-family: &quot;traditional arabic&quot;; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;">وله نشاطات متعددة منها عمله رئيسا لقسم دراسات الترجمة في بيت الحكمة، واستشاريا</span></strong><span dir="ltr"></span><strong><span lang="AR-SA" dir="ltr" style="font-size: 20pt; color: firebrick; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-family: &quot;traditional arabic&quot;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></strong><strong><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 20pt; color: firebrick; font-family: &quot;traditional arabic&quot;; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;">في دار المأمون، كما يرأس تحرير مجلة ( دراسات الترجمة ) وعضواً في هيئة تحرير</span></strong><span dir="ltr"></span><strong><span dir="ltr" style="font-size: 20pt; color: firebrick; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-family: &quot;traditional arabic&quot;"><span dir="ltr"></span> (</span></strong><strong><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 20pt; color: firebrick; font-family: &quot;traditional arabic&quot;; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;">مجلة اللغات)، عدا مشاركاته في مؤتمرات الترجمة والندوات الثقافية.. وتأتي اهمية</span></strong><span dir="ltr"></span><strong><span lang="AR-SA" dir="ltr" style="font-size: 20pt; color: firebrick; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-family: &quot;traditional arabic&quot;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></strong><strong><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 20pt; color: firebrick; font-family: &quot;traditional arabic&quot;; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;">الحوار مع الدكتور عبد الواحد محمد رئيس قسم اللغة الانكليزية - كلية اللغات -</span></strong><span dir="ltr"></span><strong><span lang="AR-SA" dir="ltr" style="font-size: 20pt; color: firebrick; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-family: &quot;traditional arabic&quot;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></strong><strong><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 20pt; color: firebrick; font-family: &quot;traditional arabic&quot;; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;">جامعة بغداد، كونه منفتحا على قضايا الفكر وفنون السرد وجماليات الكتابة الشعرية،</span></strong><span dir="ltr"></span><strong><span lang="AR-SA" dir="ltr" style="font-size: 20pt; color: firebrick; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-family: &quot;traditional arabic&quot;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></strong><strong><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 20pt; color: firebrick; font-family: &quot;traditional arabic&quot;; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;">وشؤون النقد. وهو احد ابرز الكتاب والمترجمين الذين تخطوا المجال الأكاديمي الى</span></strong><span dir="ltr"></span><strong><span lang="AR-SA" dir="ltr" style="font-size: 20pt; color: firebrick; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-family: &quot;traditional arabic&quot;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></strong><strong><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 20pt; color: firebrick; font-family: &quot;traditional arabic&quot;; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;">حلبة الحياة الثقافية والفنية.. مسهماً في اغلب نشاطاتها، وابرازاً لذلك كان لنا</span></strong><span dir="ltr"></span><strong><span lang="AR-SA" dir="ltr" style="font-size: 20pt; color: firebrick; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-family: &quot;traditional arabic&quot;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></strong><strong><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 20pt; color: firebrick; font-family: &quot;traditional arabic&quot;; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;">معه هذا الحوار.اضافة الى ترجمة عدد من المسرحيات العاليمة، نشرت في مجلة الاقلام،</span></strong><span dir="ltr"></span><strong><span lang="AR-SA" dir="ltr" style="font-size: 20pt; color: firebrick; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-family: &quot;traditional arabic&quot;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></strong><strong><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 20pt; color: firebrick; font-family: &quot;traditional arabic&quot;; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;">والاديب المعاصر.</span></strong><strong><span dir="ltr" style="font-size: 20pt; color: firebrick; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-family: &quot;traditional arabic&quot;"></span></strong><strong><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 20pt; color: firebrick; font-family: &quot;traditional arabic&quot;; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;">من المعروف لكم ان الترجمة نوعان، نوع يعتمد صياغة المعنى</span></strong><span dir="ltr"></span><strong><span lang="AR-SA" dir="ltr" style="font-size: 20pt; color: firebrick; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-family: &quot;traditional arabic&quot;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></strong><strong><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 20pt; color: firebrick; font-family: &quot;traditional arabic&quot;; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;">العام للجمل او للمادة المترجمة دون اعتبار لمعاني المفردات، وترجمة حرفية قوامها</span></strong><span dir="ltr"></span><strong><span lang="AR-SA" dir="ltr" style="font-size: 20pt; color: firebrick; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-family: &quot;traditional arabic&quot;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></strong><strong><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 20pt; color: firebrick; font-family: &quot;traditional arabic&quot;; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;">ترجمة كلمة - كلمة دون اهتمام باختلاف الصياغة العربية عن صياغة اللغة المترجم</span></strong><span dir="ltr"></span><strong><span lang="AR-SA" dir="ltr" style="font-size: 20pt; color: firebrick; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-family: &quot;traditional arabic&quot;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></strong><strong><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 20pt; color: firebrick; font-family: &quot;traditional arabic&quot;; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;">منها، ماهي برأيك الطريقة المثلى للترجمة؟</span></strong><strong><span dir="ltr" style="font-size: 20pt; color: firebrick; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-family: &quot;traditional arabic&quot;"><br />-</span></strong><strong><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 20pt; color: firebrick; font-family: &quot;traditional arabic&quot;; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;">صحيح ان الترجمة نوعان: ترجمة حرفية</span></strong><span dir="ltr"></span><strong><span lang="AR-SA" dir="ltr" style="font-size: 20pt; color: firebrick; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-family: &quot;traditional arabic&quot;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></strong><strong><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 20pt; color: firebrick; font-family: &quot;traditional arabic&quot;; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;">وترجمة معنى. لقد استقر هذا التصنيف الثنائي في الاذهان منذ ان بدأ المعنيون بمسألة</span></strong><span dir="ltr"></span><strong><span lang="AR-SA" dir="ltr" style="font-size: 20pt; color: firebrick; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-family: &quot;traditional arabic&quot;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></strong><strong><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 20pt; color: firebrick; font-family: &quot;traditional arabic&quot;; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;">الترجمة يخضعون الترجمة الى الفحص والمراقبة والتدقيق واستخلاص الفرضيات وأدمان</span></strong><span dir="ltr"></span><strong><span lang="AR-SA" dir="ltr" style="font-size: 20pt; color: firebrick; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-family: &quot;traditional arabic&quot;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></strong><strong><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 20pt; color: firebrick; font-family: &quot;traditional arabic&quot;; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;">التجريب على النصوص المختلفة، اي النصوص العلمية المتنوعة والنصوص الادبية بأشكالها</span></strong><span dir="ltr"></span><strong><span lang="AR-SA" dir="ltr" style="font-size: 20pt; color: firebrick; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-family: &quot;traditional arabic&quot;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></strong><strong><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 20pt; color: firebrick; font-family: &quot;traditional arabic&quot;; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;">النثرية والشعرية وتفرعاتها من اجناس ادبية تشمل القصة والرواية والمسرحية</span></strong><span dir="ltr"></span><strong><span lang="AR-SA" dir="ltr" style="font-size: 20pt; color: firebrick; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-family: &quot;traditional arabic&quot;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></strong><strong><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 20pt; color: firebrick; font-family: &quot;traditional arabic&quot;; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;">وغيرها.</span></strong><strong><span dir="ltr" style="font-size: 20pt; color: firebrick; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-family: &quot;traditional arabic&quot;"></span></strong><strong><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 20pt; color: firebrick; font-family: &quot;traditional arabic&quot;; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;">واذا تناولنا الترجمة الحرفية تناولا دقيقا فسوف نلاحظ انها تتضمن</span></strong><span dir="ltr"></span><strong><span lang="AR-SA" dir="ltr" style="font-size: 20pt; color: firebrick; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-family: &quot;traditional arabic&quot;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></strong><strong><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 20pt; color: firebrick; font-family: &quot;traditional arabic&quot;; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;">نوعين: نوع يعتمد على ترجمة المفردات، مفردة فمفردة، ورصفها دون تدبر لأعرابها مما</span></strong><span dir="ltr"></span><strong><span lang="AR-SA" dir="ltr" style="font-size: 20pt; color: firebrick; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-family: &quot;traditional arabic&quot;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></strong><strong><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 20pt; color: firebrick; font-family: &quot;traditional arabic&quot;; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;">ينتج عنه ما يماثل الترجمة الآلية في الوقت الحاضر، وما يماثل طريق يوحنا بن</span></strong><span dir="ltr"></span><strong><span lang="AR-SA" dir="ltr" style="font-size: 20pt; color: firebrick; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-family: &quot;traditional arabic&quot;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></strong><strong><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 20pt; color: firebrick; font-family: &quot;traditional arabic&quot;; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;">البطريق وابن الناعمة الحمصي في عصر المأمون، ونوع يتورط، بألتزامه الحرفي التزاما</span></strong><span dir="ltr"></span><strong><span lang="AR-SA" dir="ltr" style="font-size: 20pt; color: firebrick; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-family: &quot;traditional arabic&quot;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></strong><strong><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 20pt; color: firebrick; font-family: &quot;traditional arabic&quot;; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;">مطلقا، بأرتكاب جريمة ذبح التعابير الاصطلاحية او المجازية، فمثلا يترجم المترجم</span></strong><span dir="ltr"></span><strong><span lang="AR-SA" dir="ltr" style="font-size: 20pt; color: firebrick; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-family: &quot;traditional arabic&quot;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></strong><strong><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 20pt; color: firebrick; font-family: &quot;traditional arabic&quot;; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;">الحرفي الجملة الاصطلاحية الانكليزية</span></strong><span dir="ltr"></span><strong><span dir="ltr" style="font-size: 20pt; color: firebrick; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-family: &quot;traditional arabic&quot;"><span dir="ltr"></span>: he kicked the bucket</span></strong><strong><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 20pt; color: firebrick; font-family: &quot;traditional arabic&quot;; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;">الى العربية: ركل السطر،</span></strong><span dir="ltr"></span><strong><span lang="AR-SA" dir="ltr" style="font-size: 20pt; color: firebrick; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-family: &quot;traditional arabic&quot;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></strong><strong><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 20pt; color: firebrick; font-family: &quot;traditional arabic&quot;; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;">بينما يترجمها من يلتزم بطريقة ترجمة المعنى العام للجملة بكلمة واحدة هي: مات او</span></strong><span dir="ltr"></span><strong><span lang="AR-SA" dir="ltr" style="font-size: 20pt; color: firebrick; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-family: &quot;traditional arabic&quot;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></strong><strong><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 20pt; color: firebrick; font-family: &quot;traditional arabic&quot;; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;">قضى نحبه وشتان مابين المعنيين. وتتمثل طريقة ترجمة المعنى بطريقة حنين بن اسحق</span></strong><span dir="ltr"></span><strong><span lang="AR-SA" dir="ltr" style="font-size: 20pt; color: firebrick; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-family: &quot;traditional arabic&quot;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></strong><strong><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 20pt; color: firebrick; font-family: &quot;traditional arabic&quot;; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;">والجوهري.</span></strong><strong><span dir="ltr" style="font-size: 20pt; color: firebrick; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-family: &quot;traditional arabic&quot;"></span></strong><strong><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 20pt; color: firebrick; font-family: &quot;traditional arabic&quot;; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;">اما ترجمة المعنى فلا تطوق نفسها بطوق الحرفية القاتل لمعاني النص</span></strong><span dir="ltr"></span><strong><span lang="AR-SA" dir="ltr" style="font-size: 20pt; color: firebrick; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-family: &quot;traditional arabic&quot;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></strong><strong><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 20pt; color: firebrick; font-family: &quot;traditional arabic&quot;; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;">الاصلي، لأنها، لدى التحليل، لاتعتمد على معاني المفردات وحدها بل تغوص في صلب النص</span></strong><span dir="ltr"></span><strong><span lang="AR-SA" dir="ltr" style="font-size: 20pt; color: firebrick; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-family: &quot;traditional arabic&quot;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></strong><strong><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 20pt; color: firebrick; font-family: &quot;traditional arabic&quot;; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;">وتحلل عناصر بنائه اللغوي اي اعرابه. وهذا يعني ان عملية الترجمة تأخذ بالحسبان</span></strong><span dir="ltr"></span><strong><span lang="AR-SA" dir="ltr" style="font-size: 20pt; color: firebrick; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-family: &quot;traditional arabic&quot;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></strong><strong><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 20pt; color: firebrick; font-family: &quot;traditional arabic&quot;; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;">المفردات الى جانب التراكيب الجملية.  وهذا يعني نظام المفردات</span></strong><span dir="ltr"></span><strong><span dir="ltr" style="font-size: 20pt; color: firebrick; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-family: &quot;traditional arabic&quot;"><span dir="ltr"></span> word order </span></strong><strong><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 20pt; color: firebrick; font-family: &quot;traditional arabic&quot;; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;">أي</span></strong><span dir="ltr"></span><strong><span lang="AR-SA" dir="ltr" style="font-size: 20pt; color: firebrick; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-family: &quot;traditional arabic&quot;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></strong><strong><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 20pt; color: firebrick; font-family: &quot;traditional arabic&quot;; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;">مقامات المفردات في النظام النحوي او الاعرابي</span></strong><span dir="ltr"></span><strong><span dir="ltr" style="font-size: 20pt; color: firebrick; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-family: &quot;traditional arabic&quot;"><span dir="ltr"></span> Syntax</span></strong><span dir="rtl"></span><strong><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 20pt; color: firebrick; font-family: &quot;traditional arabic&quot;; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;"><span dir="rtl"></span>،</span></strong><span dir="ltr"></span><strong><span lang="AR-SA" dir="ltr" style="font-size: 20pt; color: firebrick; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-family: &quot;traditional arabic&quot;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></strong><strong><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 20pt; color: firebrick; font-family: &quot;traditional arabic&quot;; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;">حيث تتصرف هذه المفردات، حسب</span></strong><span dir="ltr"></span><strong><span lang="AR-SA" dir="ltr" style="font-size: 20pt; color: firebrick; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-family: &quot;traditional arabic&quot;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></strong><strong><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 20pt; color: firebrick; font-family: &quot;traditional arabic&quot;; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;">مقاماتهاـ تصرفاً وظيفياً تفرضه عليها هذه المقامات. فمرة تكون في موضع المسند اليه</span></strong><span dir="ltr"></span><strong><span lang="AR-SA" dir="ltr" style="font-size: 20pt; color: firebrick; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-family: &quot;traditional arabic&quot;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></strong><strong><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 20pt; color: firebrick; font-family: &quot;traditional arabic&quot;; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;">ومرة اخرى في موضع المسند. او بعبارة اخرى تحتل موقع الفاعل او الفعل او المفعول</span></strong><span dir="ltr"></span><strong><span lang="AR-SA" dir="ltr" style="font-size: 20pt; color: firebrick; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-family: &quot;traditional arabic&quot;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></strong><strong><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 20pt; color: firebrick; font-family: &quot;traditional arabic&quot;; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;">به، اضافة الى وظائف اقسام الكلام الاخرى مثل الصفات والاحوال وحروف الجر وغيرها.</span></strong><span dir="ltr"></span><strong><span lang="AR-SA" dir="ltr" style="font-size: 20pt; color: firebrick; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-family: &quot;traditional arabic&quot;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></strong><strong><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 20pt; color: firebrick; font-family: &quot;traditional arabic&quot;; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;">يعتقد البعض ان المعنى يقتصر على المفردات وحدها، وهذا اعتقاد خاطئ. لان المعنى</span></strong><span dir="ltr"></span><strong><span lang="AR-SA" dir="ltr" style="font-size: 20pt; color: firebrick; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-family: &quot;traditional arabic&quot;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></strong><strong><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 20pt; color: firebrick; font-family: &quot;traditional arabic&quot;; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;">يكمن في البناء الاجمالي للجمل والفقرات وحتى النصوص الكاملة. ويلعب السياق دورا</span></strong><span dir="ltr"></span><strong><span lang="AR-SA" dir="ltr" style="font-size: 20pt; color: firebrick; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-family: &quot;traditional arabic&quot;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></strong><strong><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 20pt; color: firebrick; font-family: &quot;traditional arabic&quot;; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;">كبيرا في بلوغ الحصيلة النهائية او شبه النهائية لمعنى النص. ويتم ذلك عن طريق</span></strong><span dir="ltr"></span><strong><span lang="AR-SA" dir="ltr" style="font-size: 20pt; color: firebrick; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-family: &quot;traditional arabic&quot;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></strong><strong><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 20pt; color: firebrick; font-family: &quot;traditional arabic&quot;; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;">تحليل الخطاب</span></strong><span dir="ltr"></span><strong><span dir="ltr" style="font-size: 20pt; color: firebrick; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-family: &quot;traditional arabic&quot;"><span dir="ltr"></span> discourse analysis</span></strong><strong><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 20pt; color: firebrick; font-family: &quot;traditional arabic&quot;; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;">واستخدام مبادئ التداولية</span></strong><span dir="ltr"></span><strong><span dir="ltr" style="font-size: 20pt; color: firebrick; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-family: &quot;traditional arabic&quot;"><span dir="ltr"></span> pragmantics</span></strong><strong><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 20pt; color: firebrick; font-family: &quot;traditional arabic&quot;; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;">ويستطيع</span></strong><span dir="ltr"></span><strong><span lang="AR-SA" dir="ltr" style="font-size: 20pt; color: firebrick; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-family: &quot;traditional arabic&quot;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></strong><strong><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 20pt; color: firebrick; font-family: &quot;traditional arabic&quot;; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;">المترجم المؤهل والماهر ان يوظف هذين العلمين في التوصل الى مقاصد المؤلف الاصلي،</span></strong><span dir="ltr"></span><strong><span lang="AR-SA" dir="ltr" style="font-size: 20pt; color: firebrick; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-family: &quot;traditional arabic&quot;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></strong><strong><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 20pt; color: firebrick; font-family: &quot;traditional arabic&quot;; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;">لكي ينجح في نقل هذه المقاصد الى نص اللغة الهدف.</span></strong><strong><span dir="ltr" style="font-size: 20pt; color: firebrick; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-family: &quot;traditional arabic&quot;"></span></strong><strong><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 20pt; color: firebrick; font-family: &quot;traditional arabic&quot;; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;">ولابد من الاشارة الى ان</span></strong><span dir="ltr"></span><strong><span lang="AR-SA" dir="ltr" style="font-size: 20pt; color: firebrick; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-family: &quot;traditional arabic&quot;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></strong><strong><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 20pt; color: firebrick; font-family: &quot;traditional arabic&quot;; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;">السؤال ذكر كلمة (صياغة) في المواضع الاتية: صياغة المعنى العام للجمل،الصياغة</span></strong><span dir="ltr"></span><strong><span lang="AR-SA" dir="ltr" style="font-size: 20pt; color: firebrick; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-family: &quot;traditional arabic&quot;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></strong><strong><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 20pt; color: firebrick; font-family: &quot;traditional arabic&quot;; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;">العربية وصياغة اللغة المترجم منها. وعند التحليل يظهر لنا ان القصد منها هو:</span></strong><span dir="ltr"></span><strong><span lang="AR-SA" dir="ltr" style="font-size: 20pt; color: firebrick; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-family: &quot;traditional arabic&quot;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></strong><strong><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 20pt; color: firebrick; font-family: &quot;traditional arabic&quot;; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;">البناء الجملي او النظام الاعرابي.</span></strong><strong><span dir="ltr" style="font-size: 20pt; color: firebrick; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-family: &quot;traditional arabic&quot;"></span></strong><strong><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 20pt; color: firebrick; font-family: &quot;traditional arabic&quot;; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;">اما عن بيان الرأي في الطريقة المثلى</span></strong><span dir="ltr"></span><strong><span lang="AR-SA" dir="ltr" style="font-size: 20pt; color: firebrick; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-family: &quot;traditional arabic&quot;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></strong><strong><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 20pt; color: firebrick; font-family: &quot;traditional arabic&quot;; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;">للترجمة، او ما يطلق عليها الشاعر الانكليزي درايدن بالطريقة الذهبية، فهي مزيج بين</span></strong><span dir="ltr"></span><strong><span lang="AR-SA" dir="ltr" style="font-size: 20pt; color: firebrick; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-family: &quot;traditional arabic&quot;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></strong><strong><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 20pt; color: firebrick; font-family: &quot;traditional arabic&quot;; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;">الترجمة الحرفية وترجمة المعنى.</span></strong><strong><span dir="ltr" style="font-size: 20pt; color: firebrick; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-family: &quot;traditional arabic&quot;"></span></strong><strong><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 20pt; color: firebrick; font-family: &quot;traditional arabic&quot;; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;">لكن من وجهة نظري ارى ان الطريقة الفضلى، ولا</span></strong><span dir="ltr"></span><strong><span lang="AR-SA" dir="ltr" style="font-size: 20pt; color: firebrick; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-family: &quot;traditional arabic&quot;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></strong><strong><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 20pt; color: firebrick; font-family: &quot;traditional arabic&quot;; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;">اقول المثلى للترجمة، تعتمد على التحليلات اللغوية للمستويات الصغرى</span></strong><span dir="ltr"></span><strong><span dir="ltr" style="font-size: 20pt; color: firebrick; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-family: &quot;traditional arabic&quot;"><span dir="ltr"></span> micro</span></strong><strong><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 20pt; color: firebrick; font-family: &quot;traditional arabic&quot;; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;">اي</span></strong><span dir="ltr"></span><strong><span lang="AR-SA" dir="ltr" style="font-size: 20pt; color: firebrick; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-family: &quot;traditional arabic&quot;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></strong><strong><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 20pt; color: firebrick; font-family: &quot;traditional arabic&quot;; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;">المستويات المعجمية والدلالية والصرفية والاعرابية، وللمستويات الكبرى</span></strong><span dir="ltr"></span><strong><span dir="ltr" style="font-size: 20pt; color: firebrick; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-family: &quot;traditional arabic&quot;"><span dir="ltr"></span> macro</span></strong><strong><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 20pt; color: firebrick; font-family: &quot;traditional arabic&quot;; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;">اي</span></strong><span dir="ltr"></span><strong><span lang="AR-SA" dir="ltr" style="font-size: 20pt; color: firebrick; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-family: &quot;traditional arabic&quot;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></strong><strong><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 20pt; color: firebrick; font-family: &quot;traditional arabic&quot;; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;">التحليلات الخطابية والتداولية للنصوص. وتدخل في هذه التحليلات العناصر الحضارية</span></strong><span dir="ltr"></span><strong><span lang="AR-SA" dir="ltr" style="font-size: 20pt; color: firebrick; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-family: &quot;traditional arabic&quot;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></strong><strong><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 20pt; color: firebrick; font-family: &quot;traditional arabic&quot;; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;">والثقافية وما تسببه من اختلافات او تناقضات بين حضارة او اخرى، تتطلب من المترجم</span></strong><span dir="ltr"></span><strong><span lang="AR-SA" dir="ltr" style="font-size: 20pt; color: firebrick; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-family: &quot;traditional arabic&quot;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></strong><strong><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 20pt; color: firebrick; font-family: &quot;traditional arabic&quot;; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;">ان يستوعبها ويلتفت اليها وان لايقترب منها، اذا كان يقصد ان يكون أمينا للنصوص</span></strong><span dir="ltr"></span><strong><span lang="AR-SA" dir="ltr" style="font-size: 20pt; color: firebrick; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-family: &quot;traditional arabic&quot;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></strong><strong><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 20pt; color: firebrick; font-family: &quot;traditional arabic&quot;; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;">التي يترجمها.</span></strong><strong><span dir="ltr" style="font-size: 20pt; color: firebrick; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-family: &quot;traditional arabic&quot;"></span></strong><strong><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 20pt; color: firebrick; font-family: &quot;traditional arabic&quot;; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;">يزداد التباين بين الانكليزية البريطانية والانكليزية الاميركية،</span></strong><span dir="ltr"></span><strong><span lang="AR-SA" dir="ltr" style="font-size: 20pt; color: firebrick; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-family: &quot;traditional arabic&quot;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></strong><strong><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 20pt; color: firebrick; font-family: &quot;traditional arabic&quot;; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;">فما هي الخطوات التي يفترض بالجامعات القيام بها لمواكبة هذا التباين، وما هو</span></strong><span dir="ltr"></span><strong><span lang="AR-SA" dir="ltr" style="font-size: 20pt; color: firebrick; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-family: &quot;traditional arabic&quot;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></strong><strong><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 20pt; color: firebrick; font-family: &quot;traditional arabic&quot;; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;">المطلوب من المترجمين؟ </span></strong><span dir="ltr"></span><strong><span dir="ltr" style="font-size: 20pt; color: firebrick; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-family: &quot;traditional arabic&quot;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></strong><strong><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 20pt; color: firebrick; font-family: &quot;traditional arabic&quot;; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;">شيء معروف وطبيعي ان اية لغة، سواء في العالم القديم او</span></strong><span dir="ltr"></span><strong><span lang="AR-SA" dir="ltr" style="font-size: 20pt; color: firebrick; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-family: &quot;traditional arabic&quot;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></strong><strong><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 20pt; color: firebrick; font-family: &quot;traditional arabic&quot;; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;">العالم المعاصر، لاتظل على حال واحدة. فهي تتجدد وتستبدل كلمات بكلمات وتصبح</span></strong><span dir="ltr"></span><strong><span lang="AR-SA" dir="ltr" style="font-size: 20pt; color: firebrick; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-family: &quot;traditional arabic&quot;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></strong><strong><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 20pt; color: firebrick; font-family: &quot;traditional arabic&quot;; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;">الكلمات القديمة مهجورة او ميتة</span></strong><span dir="ltr"></span><strong><span dir="ltr" style="font-size: 20pt; color: firebrick; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-family: &quot;traditional arabic&quot;"><span dir="ltr"></span> archaic</span></strong><strong><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 20pt; color: firebrick; font-family: &quot;traditional arabic&quot;; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;">او</span></strong><strong><span dir="ltr" style="font-size: 20pt; color: firebrick; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-family: &quot;traditional arabic&quot;">obsolete</span></strong><strong><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 20pt; color: firebrick; font-family: &quot;traditional arabic&quot;; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;">لأسباب عديدة منها: اسباب فردية</span></strong><span dir="ltr"></span><strong><span lang="AR-SA" dir="ltr" style="font-size: 20pt; color: firebrick; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-family: &quot;traditional arabic&quot;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></strong><strong><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 20pt; color: firebrick; font-family: &quot;traditional arabic&quot;; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;">واجتماعية وسياسية وغيرها. وبقدر ما تهجر كلمات او تموت، تحل محلها كلمات جديدة أو</span></strong><span dir="ltr"></span><strong><span lang="AR-SA" dir="ltr" style="font-size: 20pt; color: firebrick; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-family: &quot;traditional arabic&quot;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></strong><strong><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 20pt; color: firebrick; font-family: &quot;traditional arabic&quot;; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;">أن معاني الكلمات المهجورة تكتسب معاني جديدة ناجمة عن الاستخدامات الجديدة. ومؤخرا</span></strong><span dir="ltr"></span><strong><span lang="AR-SA" dir="ltr" style="font-size: 20pt; color: firebrick; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-family: &quot;traditional arabic&quot;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></strong><strong><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 20pt; color: firebrick; font-family: &quot;traditional arabic&quot;; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;">لعب العلم وكشوفاته وتطور التكنولوجيا تطورا كبيرا جدا دورا حاسما في نمو اللغات،</span></strong><span dir="ltr"></span><strong><span lang="AR-SA" dir="ltr" style="font-size: 20pt; color: firebrick; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-family: &quot;traditional arabic&quot;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></strong><strong><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 20pt; color: firebrick; font-family: &quot;traditional arabic&quot;; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;">اضافة الى دور الترجمة الكبير في رفد اللغات بالمفردات الجديدة</span></strong><span dir="ltr"></span><strong><span lang="AR-SA" dir="ltr" style="font-size: 20pt; color: firebrick; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-family: &quot;traditional arabic&quot;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></strong><strong><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 20pt; color: firebrick; font-family: &quot;traditional arabic&quot;; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;">والمصطلحات.</span></strong><strong><span dir="ltr" style="font-size: 20pt; color: firebrick; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-family: &quot;traditional arabic&quot;"></span></strong><strong><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 20pt; color: firebrick; font-family: &quot;traditional arabic&quot;; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;">وتلعب اللهجات دورا واضحا في تعقيد المسائل اللغوية امام المترجم.</span></strong><span dir="ltr"></span><strong><span lang="AR-SA" dir="ltr" style="font-size: 20pt; color: firebrick; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-family: &quot;traditional arabic&quot;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></strong><strong><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 20pt; color: firebrick; font-family: &quot;traditional arabic&quot;; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;">فمثلا لو اخذنا لهجة السود في اللغة الاميركية لوجدناها تختلف عن الاصل من حيث</span></strong><span dir="ltr"></span><strong><span lang="AR-SA" dir="ltr" style="font-size: 20pt; color: firebrick; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-family: &quot;traditional arabic&quot;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></strong><strong><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 20pt; color: firebrick; font-family: &quot;traditional arabic&quot;; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;">اللفظ والاستعمال.</span></strong><strong><span dir="ltr" style="font-size: 20pt; color: firebrick; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-family: &quot;traditional arabic&quot;"></span></strong><strong><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 20pt; color: firebrick; font-family: &quot;traditional arabic&quot;; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;">فأذا اراد الاميركي الاسود ان يقول كلمة يرتشف</span></strong><span dir="ltr"></span><strong><span dir="ltr" style="font-size: 20pt; color: firebrick; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-family: &quot;traditional arabic&quot;"><span dir="ltr"></span> sip</span></strong><strong><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 20pt; color: firebrick; font-family: &quot;traditional arabic&quot;; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;">فانه يلفظها</span></strong><span dir="ltr"></span><strong><span dir="ltr" style="font-size: 20pt; color: firebrick; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-family: &quot;traditional arabic&quot;"><span dir="ltr"></span> ship</span></strong><strong><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 20pt; color: firebrick; font-family: &quot;traditional arabic&quot;; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;">اي انه يغير صوت</span></strong><span dir="ltr"></span><strong><span dir="ltr" style="font-size: 20pt; color: firebrick; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-family: &quot;traditional arabic&quot;"><span dir="ltr"></span> s </span></strong><strong><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 20pt; color: firebrick; font-family: &quot;traditional arabic&quot;; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;">الى ش</span></strong><span dir="ltr"></span><strong><span dir="ltr" style="font-size: 20pt; color: firebrick; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-family: &quot;traditional arabic&quot;"><span dir="ltr"></span> sh.</span></strong><strong><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 20pt; color: firebrick; font-family: &quot;traditional arabic&quot;; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;">وطبيعي ان هذا التغير اللفظي سيسبب مشكلة لأن</span></strong><span dir="ltr"></span><strong><span dir="ltr" style="font-size: 20pt; color: firebrick; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-family: &quot;traditional arabic&quot;"><span dir="ltr"></span> ship</span></strong><strong><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 20pt; color: firebrick; font-family: &quot;traditional arabic&quot;; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;">تعني باخرة.</span></strong><strong><span dir="ltr" style="font-size: 20pt; color: firebrick; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-family: &quot;traditional arabic&quot;"></span></strong><strong><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 20pt; color: firebrick; font-family: &quot;traditional arabic&quot;; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;">اننا لانريد ان ننجر للتطرق الى الجوانب التفصيلية المتعلقة</span></strong><span dir="ltr"></span><strong><span lang="AR-SA" dir="ltr" style="font-size: 20pt; color: firebrick; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-family: &quot;traditional arabic&quot;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></strong><strong><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 20pt; color: firebrick; font-family: &quot;traditional arabic&quot;; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;">بهذه المسائل سواء من الناحية السنكرونية ( الآنية ) او الدايكرونية ( التعاقبية ).</span></strong><span dir="ltr"></span><strong><span lang="AR-SA" dir="ltr" style="font-size: 20pt; color: firebrick; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-family: &quot;traditional arabic&quot;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></strong><strong><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 20pt; color: firebrick; font-family: &quot;traditional arabic&quot;; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;">المهم ان مبدأي تقلص المعاني</span></strong><span dir="ltr"></span><strong><span dir="ltr" style="font-size: 20pt; color: firebrick; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-family: &quot;traditional arabic&quot;"><span dir="ltr"></span> narrowing</span></strong><strong><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 20pt; color: firebrick; font-family: &quot;traditional arabic&quot;; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;">واتساعها</span></strong><span dir="ltr"></span><strong><span dir="ltr" style="font-size: 20pt; color: firebrick; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-family: &quot;traditional arabic&quot;"><span dir="ltr"></span> extending</span></strong><strong><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 20pt; color: firebrick; font-family: &quot;traditional arabic&quot;; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;">يظلان مؤثرين جداً في نمو</span></strong><span dir="ltr"></span><strong><span lang="AR-SA" dir="ltr" style="font-size: 20pt; color: firebrick; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-family: &quot;traditional arabic&quot;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></strong><strong><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 20pt; color: firebrick; font-family: &quot;traditional arabic&quot;; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;">اللغات او تآكلها.</span></strong><strong><span dir="ltr" style="font-size: 20pt; color: firebrick; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-family: &quot;traditional arabic&quot;"></span></strong><strong><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 20pt; color: firebrick; font-family: &quot;traditional arabic&quot;; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;">اما بخصوص التباين بين الانكليزيتين فلا اظن انه - في عصرنا</span></strong><span dir="ltr"></span><strong><span lang="AR-SA" dir="ltr" style="font-size: 20pt; color: firebrick; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-family: &quot;traditional arabic&quot;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></strong><strong><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 20pt; color: firebrick; font-family: &quot;traditional arabic&quot;; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;">الحاضر وربما القادم - سيؤثر في خلق عقبات كأداء امام المترجمين لاسيما في النصوص</span></strong><span dir="ltr"></span><strong><span lang="AR-SA" dir="ltr" style="font-size: 20pt; color: firebrick; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-family: &quot;traditional arabic&quot;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></strong><strong><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 20pt; color: firebrick; font-family: &quot;traditional arabic&quot;; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;">المكتوبة. اما في النصوص الشفوية، ربما تؤثر النبرة او اللكنة في المعنى كالمثال</span></strong><span dir="ltr"></span><strong><span lang="AR-SA" dir="ltr" style="font-size: 20pt; color: firebrick; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-family: &quot;traditional arabic&quot;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></strong><strong><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 20pt; color: firebrick; font-family: &quot;traditional arabic&quot;; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;">السابق الخاص بالأرتشاف</span></strong><span dir="ltr"></span><strong><span dir="ltr" style="font-size: 20pt; color: firebrick; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-family: &quot;traditional arabic&quot;"><span dir="ltr"></span>: ship---- sip</span></strong><strong><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 20pt; color: firebrick; font-family: &quot;traditional arabic&quot;; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;">ولاننسى ان تحولات حصلت في هجاء الكلمات، ففي</span></strong><span dir="ltr"></span><strong><span lang="AR-SA" dir="ltr" style="font-size: 20pt; color: firebrick; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-family: &quot;traditional arabic&quot;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></strong><strong><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 20pt; color: firebrick; font-family: &quot;traditional arabic&quot;; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;">الانكليزية البريطانية تكتب كلمتا (مركز) و(لون) كالآتي</span></strong><span dir="ltr"></span><strong><span dir="ltr" style="font-size: 20pt; color: firebrick; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-family: &quot;traditional arabic&quot;"><span dir="ltr"></span>: colour,centre</span></strong><strong><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 20pt; color: firebrick; font-family: &quot;traditional arabic&quot;; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;">بينما تكتبان</span></strong><span dir="ltr"></span><strong><span lang="AR-SA" dir="ltr" style="font-size: 20pt; color: firebrick; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-family: &quot;traditional arabic&quot;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></strong><strong><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 20pt; color: firebrick; font-family: &quot;traditional arabic&quot;; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;">في الانكليزية الاميركية كالآتي</span></strong><strong><span dir="ltr" style="font-size: 20pt; color: firebrick; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-family: &quot;traditional arabic&quot;"><br />color,centre .</span></strong><strong><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 20pt; color: firebrick; font-family: &quot;traditional arabic&quot;; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;">مع ذلك نجد ان معظم مدرسي</span></strong><span dir="ltr"></span><strong><span lang="AR-SA" dir="ltr" style="font-size: 20pt; color: firebrick; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-family: &quot;traditional arabic&quot;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></strong><strong><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 20pt; color: firebrick; font-family: &quot;traditional arabic&quot;; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;">اللغة الانكليزية يلتفتون الى هذه الفروق ويلفتون انتباه طلبتهم اليها بأن يعرضوا</span></strong><span dir="ltr"></span><strong><span lang="AR-SA" dir="ltr" style="font-size: 20pt; color: firebrick; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-family: &quot;traditional arabic&quot;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></strong><strong><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 20pt; color: firebrick; font-family: &quot;traditional arabic&quot;; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;">عليهم نصوصاً مختلفة في الانكليزية البريطانية ونظيرتها الانكليزية الاميركية.</span></strong><span dir="ltr"></span><strong><span lang="AR-SA" dir="ltr" style="font-size: 20pt; color: firebrick; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-family: &quot;traditional arabic&quot;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></strong><strong><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 20pt; color: firebrick; font-family: &quot;traditional arabic&quot;; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;">والاخيرة - في الاصل - فرع مهاجر من الاولى، لكنه اختلط بلغات مهاجرة اخرى وحصل ما</span></strong><span dir="ltr"></span><strong><span lang="AR-SA" dir="ltr" style="font-size: 20pt; color: firebrick; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-family: &quot;traditional arabic&quot;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></strong><strong><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 20pt; color: firebrick; font-family: &quot;traditional arabic&quot;; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;">حصل من تغيرات لامجال لشرحها  الآن. ولاتقتصر هذه التغيرات على المفردات وحدها بل</span></strong><span dir="ltr"></span><strong><span lang="AR-SA" dir="ltr" style="font-size: 20pt; color: firebrick; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-family: &quot;traditional arabic&quot;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></strong><strong><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 20pt; color: firebrick; font-family: &quot;traditional arabic&quot;; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;">تشمل بعض الاستخدامات النحوية ايضا.</span></strong><strong><span dir="ltr" style="font-size: 20pt; color: firebrick; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-family: &quot;traditional arabic&quot;"></span></strong><strong><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 20pt; color: firebrick; font-family: &quot;traditional arabic&quot;; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;">والمطلوب من المترجم ان يكون على بينة من</span></strong><span dir="ltr"></span><strong><span lang="AR-SA" dir="ltr" style="font-size: 20pt; color: firebrick; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-family: &quot;traditional arabic&quot;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></strong><strong><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 20pt; color: firebrick; font-family: &quot;traditional arabic&quot;; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;">هذه الاختلافات والاستعمالات بتوسيع نطاق قراءته ومتابعاته لكي يلم بالمستجدات</span></strong><span dir="ltr"></span><strong><span lang="AR-SA" dir="ltr" style="font-size: 20pt; color: firebrick; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-family: &quot;traditional arabic&quot;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></strong><strong><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 20pt; color: firebrick; font-family: &quot;traditional arabic&quot;; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;">والمتغيرات تجنبا لما تسببه له من مشكلات.</span></strong><strong><span dir="ltr" style="font-size: 20pt; color: firebrick; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-family: &quot;traditional arabic&quot;"></span></strong><strong><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 20pt; color: firebrick; font-family: &quot;traditional arabic&quot;; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;">حاول الكثير من حملة البكالوريوس</span></strong><span dir="ltr"></span><strong><span lang="AR-SA" dir="ltr" style="font-size: 20pt; color: firebrick; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-family: &quot;traditional arabic&quot;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></strong><strong><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 20pt; color: firebrick; font-family: &quot;traditional arabic&quot;; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;">والماجستير في اللغة الانكليزية الترجمة دون ان يفلحوا، فأين يكمن الخلل؟</span></strong><strong><span dir="ltr" style="font-size: 20pt; color: firebrick; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-family: &quot;traditional arabic&quot;"><br />-</span></strong><strong><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 20pt; color: firebrick; font-family: &quot;traditional arabic&quot;; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;">يشكل</span></strong><span dir="ltr"></span><strong><span lang="AR-SA" dir="ltr" style="font-size: 20pt; color: firebrick; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-family: &quot;traditional arabic&quot;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></strong><strong><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 20pt; color: firebrick; font-family: &quot;traditional arabic&quot;; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;">هذا السؤال افتراضا لاحقيقة، وعليه لانستطيع ان نبني عليه نتائج. اننا نستطيع ان</span></strong><span dir="ltr"></span><strong><span lang="AR-SA" dir="ltr" style="font-size: 20pt; color: firebrick; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-family: &quot;traditional arabic&quot;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></strong><strong><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 20pt; color: firebrick; font-family: &quot;traditional arabic&quot;; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;">نقول ايضا ان ثمة عددا كبيرا منهم قد فعلوا العكس، اي انهم افلحوا بترسيخ اقدامهم</span></strong><span dir="ltr"></span><strong><span lang="AR-SA" dir="ltr" style="font-size: 20pt; color: firebrick; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-family: &quot;traditional arabic&quot;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></strong><strong><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 20pt; color: firebrick; font-family: &quot;traditional arabic&quot;; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;">في مجال الترجمة. فما بالك اذا علمت انه يوجد الى جانب حملة البكالوريوس والماجستير</span></strong><span dir="ltr"></span><strong><span lang="AR-SA" dir="ltr" style="font-size: 20pt; color: firebrick; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-family: &quot;traditional arabic&quot;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></strong><strong><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 20pt; color: firebrick; font-family: &quot;traditional arabic&quot;; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;">في اللغة الانكليزية، حملة البكالوريوس والدبلوم العالي والماجستير والدكتوراه في</span></strong><span dir="ltr"></span><strong><span lang="AR-SA" dir="ltr" style="font-size: 20pt; color: firebrick; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-family: &quot;traditional arabic&quot;"><span dir="ltr"></span> </span></strong><strong><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 20pt; color: firebrick; font-family: &quot;traditional arabic&quot;; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;">الترجمة.</span></strong><strong><span dir="ltr" style="font-size: 20pt; color: firebrick; font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-family: &quot;traditional arabic&quot;"></span></strong><strong><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 20pt; color: firebrick; font-family: &quot;traditional arabic&quot;; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;">ان اولئك لمؤهلون نظرياً وتطبيقياً على ممارسة العملية الترجمية ممارسة</span></strong><span dir="ltr"></span><strong><span lang="AR-S