مراجع في الترجمة_Translation References

**ahmed_allaithy** · 09-21-2006, 02:41 PM

مراجع في الترجمة_Translation References

 The Turns of Translation StudiesNew paradigms or shifting viewpoints?Mary Snell-HornbyUniversity of ViennaWhat’s new in Translation Studies? In o. ering a critical assessment ofrecent developments in the young discipline, this book sets out to provide an answer, as seen from a European perspective today. Many "new" ideas actually go back well into the past, and the German Romantic Age proves to be the starting-point. Th e main focus lies however on the last 20 years, and, beginning with the cultural turn of the ÆÌ980s, the study traces what have turned out since then to be ground-breaking contributions (new paradigms) as against what was only a change in position on already established territory (shift ing viewpoints). Topics of the ÆÌ990s include nonverbal communication, gender-based Translation Studies, stage translation, new . elds of interpreting studies and the e. ects of new technologies and globalization (including the increasingly dominant role of English). Th e author’s aim is to stimulate discussion and provoke further debate on the current pro. le and future perspectives of Translation Studies.[Benjamins Translation Library, 66] 2006. xi, 205 pp.Hb 90 272 ÆÌ673 8 EUR ÆÌÆÌ5.00 / USD ÆÌ38.00Pb 90 272 ÆÌ674 6 EUR 33.00 / USD 39.95

**ahmed_allaithy** · 09-21-2006, 02:48 PM

مراجع في الترجمة_Translation References

NOW AVAILABLE FROM <city w:st="on"><place w:st="on">ST. JEROME</place></city>TRANSLATING OTHERS 1 & 2Edited by Theo Hermans<a href="http://www.stjerome.co.uk/page.php?id=218&doctype=StJBooks&section=1 &msg=&finds=0&string" target="_blank"></a><a href="http://www.stjerome.co.uk/page.php?id=218&doctype=StJBooks&sectionfi ltered=1&msg=&finds=0&string" target="_blank"> http://www.stjerome.co.uk/page.php?id=218&doctype=StJBooks&sectionfi ltered=1&msg=&finds=0&string</a>=<a href="http://www.stjerome.co.uk/page.php?id=264&doctype=StJBooks&section=1 &msg=&finds=0&string" target="_blank"></a><a href="http://www.stjerome.co.uk/page.php?id=264&doctype=StJBooks&sectionfi ltered=1&msg=&finds=0&string" target="_blank">http://www.stjerome.co.uk/page.php?id=264&doctype=StJBooks&sectionfi ltered=1&msg=&finds=0&string</a>= Both in their sheer breadth and in the detail of their coverage the essays in these two volumes challenge hegemonic thinking on the subject of translation. Engaging throughout with issues of representation in a postmodern and postcolonial world, Translating Others investigates the complex processes of projection, recognition, displacement and â€˜otheringâ€™ effected not only by translation practices but also by translation studies as developed in the West. At the same time, the volumes document the increasing awareness that the world is peopled by others who also translate, often in ways radically different from and hitherto largely ignored by the modes of translating conceptualized in Western discourses. The languages covered in individual contributions include Arabic, Bengali, Chinese, Hindi, Irish, Italian, Japanese, Latin, Rajasthani, Somali, Swahili, Tamil, Tibetan and Turkish, as well as the Europhone literatures of Africa, the tongues of medieval <place w:st="on">Europe</place>, and some major languages of Egyptâ€™s five-thousand-year history. While some of the theoretical reflections address contemporary issues, including research, globalization, ethics and self-reflexivity, others deal with historical concepts in various parts of the world and with the relation between translation theory and practice. Neighbouring disciplines invoked include anthropology, semiotics, museum and folklore studies, librarianship and the history of writing systems.Volume 1 256 pp. 2006 ISBN 1-900650-84-3 Â£22.50 inc. postage and packing Volume 2 270 pp. 2006 ISBN 1-900650-85-1 Â£22.50 inc. postage and packing Contents and AbstractsVolume 1 Acknowledgements Introduction, Theo Hermans, pp. 9-10 SECTION 1 GROUNDING THEORY Reconceptualizing Western Translation Theory: Integrating Non-Western Thought about Translation, Maria Tymoczko, pp 13-32 In Eurocentric tradition most statements about translation that date before the demise of positivism are relatively useless for current theorizing,because most encode the dominant perspectives of Western imperialism or respond to particular Western historical circumstances. Some of the limitations of Eurocentric thinking about translation are patently obvious. Most statements have been formulated with reference to sacred texts, for example, including religious scripture and canonical literary works. Similarly, Eurocentric theorizing has been marked by its concentration on the written word and by the vocabulary in many languages that links it with the notion of conveying sacred relics intact from place to place. Translation studies must strive for more flexible perspectives, and the thinking of non-Western peoples is essential in achieving broader and more applicable theories about translation.This contribution explores the implications of several non-Western concepts of translation, as well as marginal Western ones that fall outside the dominant domain of Western theory. In addition the concept of translation is related to three adjacent concepts about intercultural interface, namely, transmission, representation and transculturation. These three concepts relate to particular, though not always separable, aspects of translation: communication of content, exhibition of content and performance. One way to enlarge thinking about translation is to move beyond Eurocentric tradition, opening translation studies to other culturesâ€™ views of transmission, representation and transculturation. Meanings of Translation in Cultural Anthropology, Doris Bachmann-Medick, pp 33-42 Translation between cultures can be considered a central practice and aim of cultural anthropology. But are the meanings of cultural translation confined to â€˜cultural understandingâ€™? A hermeneutic position seems to imply a commitment to a traditional â€˜single-sitedâ€™ anthropology and does not correspond to the challenges of globalization. A â€˜multi-sited,â€™ transnational anthropology is developing an alternative type of translation. Following a brief account of the different meanings of translation in the history of cultural anthropology, my essay locates the emergence of a postcolonial challenge to this new anthropological translation concept in an epistemological break: the crisis of representation and the questioning of a unilateral Western translation authority. Translation of and between cultures is no longer the central concept, but culture itself is now being conceptualized as a process of translation. As a result, translation can be defined as a dynamic term of cultural encounter, as a negotiation of differences as well as a difficult process of transformation. In this respect, the novels of Salman Rushdie are eye-openers for a new metaphor of migration as translation, which renders translation into a medium of displacement and hybrid self-translation. The category of translation for anthropology thus offers not only an important alternative to dichotomous concepts like â€˜the clash of civilizationsâ€™, but it is also a seismographic indicator for a changing anthropology under the conditions of a globalization of cultures. Misquoted Others: Locating Newness and Authority in Cultural Translation, Ovidi Carbonell CortÃ©s, pp. 43-63 We may wonder to what degree it is legitimate to convey the sense of newness and/or cultural distance that is always experienced in the act of reaching out to a foreign text. To what extent is newness necessary? When does newness become exoticism? Current debates on translation and the representation of foreign cultures, translation ethics, postcolonial translation and the reception of the translated text cannot avoid the issue of exoticism, yet difference remains a thorny issue that is easily oversimplified. There are two opposing trends in contemporary translation regarding difference. One, mostly theoretical, aims to highlight difference and go beyond the devouring, allegedly ethnocentric attitude that naturalizes or domesticates the foreign text. At the other end, texts from so-called â€˜exoticâ€™ cultures, such as specimens from Arabic literature, are translated in such a way that exoticizing practices and expectations are consciously avoided or counteracted. Both attitudes can be highly controversial once they go beyond university debates and enter the jungle of real-world readership. Beyond the dichotomy of estrangement versus familiarity, the investigation of the intricacies of cultural representation requires an eclectic approach. Self and Other are just the surface of many mechanisms at work in the act of reading a text â€“ all texts, and not only those that are foreign and exotic, although I shall focus on these as they are particularly illustrative. Using interdisciplinary tools, especially cognitive, semiotic and critical linguistics, this essay explores the intertextual qualities of difference and how they help create identity and authority in texts and its receptors. SECTION 2 MAPPINGCONCEPTS Translation and the Language(s) of Historiography: Understanding Ancient Greek and Chinese Ideas of History, Alexandra Lianeri, pp. 67-86 How have modern concepts of history mediated our understanding of the ancient Greek and Chinese ideas of the historical? What is the role of translation in defining the vocabulary through which we approach ancient traditions? This essay develops a comparative study of English translations of the Greek term historia and the Chinese terms Shiji and Taishi to examine the problems involved in approaching ancient concepts through the historicist dilemma between identity and difference. It explores how these translations were fundamentally shaped by a Eurocentric discourse that legitimised the paradigmatic status of the Greek tradition and excluded Chinese concepts from the dominant vocabulary of modern historiography. Subsequently it investigates how Eurocentric historiography was sustained by metaphors of translation and categories of translatability deployed by Western philosophy to designate a historiographic metalanguage founded on the opposition between tradition and otherness. In conclusion, it reflects on how translation can also act to interrogate this metalanguage by pointing to disjunctions within the European heritage and forming a trans-cultural and trans-temporal historiography modelled upon the borderline language of translation. From â€˜Theoryâ€™ to â€˜Discourseâ€™ : The Making of a Translation Anthology, Martha Cheung, pp. 87-101 How translatable across cultures are concepts? How do translated concepts interact with the receiving cultureâ€™s repertoire of concepts and influence its prevailing mode of thinking? How do translated concepts, specifically concepts of categories of knowledge such as â€˜scienceâ€™, â€˜philosophyâ€™ or â€˜religionâ€™, produce an impact on the receiving cultureâ€™s already existent body of knowledge? This paper explores the above questions with reference to an anthology the author is compiling. It is an anthology, in English translation, of texts on Chinese thinking about translation. The initial title was An Anthology of Chinese Translation Theories: from Ancient Times to the Revolution of 1911; this was changed to An Anthology of Chinese Thought on Translation before the present title, An Anthology of Chinese Discourse on Translation. By analyzing, in a self-reflective manner, the decisions involved in the movement from â€˜theoryâ€™ to â€˜thoughtâ€™ to â€˜discourseâ€™, I hope to throw some light on the epistemological impact produced by translated concepts in the receiving culture. The impact is analyzed in terms of the disciplining of knowledge that could be effected by translated concepts â€“ disciplining in the sense of organizing, ordering, hierarchizing, including/excluding, centering/decentering, aligning and re-aligning material deemed to constitute knowledge in the receiving culture, for the purpose of mono-cultural cross-cultural, or intercultural study. As the use of translated concepts (e.g. â€˜scienceâ€™, â€˜philosophyâ€™, â€˜religionâ€™) to name bodies of knowledge in ancient China is a common, though not uncontroversial practice, the issue of the disciplining of knowledge dealt with in this paper should have relevance, not only to translation scholars, but also for Sinologists and Chinese scholars the world over. In Our Own Time, On Our Own Terms: â€˜Translationâ€™ in <country-region w:st="on"><place w:st="on">India</place></country-region>, Harish Trivedi, pp. 102-119 Despite the presence of many languages, there was in <country-region w:st="on"><place w:st="on">India</place></country-region> no â€˜translationâ€™ in the Western sense throughout the first three thousand years of its literary history, until the colonial impact in the nineteenth century. This was for the good reason that literary production in <country-region w:st="on"><place w:st="on">India</place></country-region> was seen as a collaborative and collective activity with little value placed on either individuality or originality. Of the terms now current in the modern Indian languages for translation, notably anuvad, rupantar, tarjuma, molipeyarttall and vivartanam, some derive from Sanskrit where they were used in a substantially different sense. Several Indian languages have more than one term for translation, used fairly interchangeably, with all their various connotations serving to reflect the Indian view of translation, unlike in English where the word â€˜translationâ€™ seems to have no synonym. Finally (and self-reflexively), is a discussion such as this one of the history of â€˜translationâ€™ in <country-region w:st="on"><place w:st="on">India</place></country-region> and of Indian terms for â€˜translationâ€™ really a useful and valid extension of the scope of translation studies, or merely an outsourced sound-bite for the resource-hungry West? Translation into Arabic in the â€˜Classical Ageâ€™: When the Pandoraâ€™s Box of Transmission Opens â€¦, Myriam Salama-Carr, pp. 120-131 The essay reports on a research project concerned with the translation movement of ninth and tenth-century <city w:st="on"><place w:st="on">Baghdad</place></city>. Starting from the hypothesis that some form of translator training could be identified in that context, tentative parallels were drawn between the organization of translation work in medieval <city w:st="on"><place w:st="on">Baghdad</place></city> and in the researcherâ€™s own environment, the Paris School of Interpreters and Translators (ESIT). These issues explored included text exegesis, target readership and functional and target-oriented translation, and reference was made to the wider context of the French tradition. The study of medieval Arabic historigraphies, and more crucially that of the translatorsâ€™ liminary writings and paratexts, raised other issues pertaining to the metalanguage of translation and to the complexity of the translation discourse, which belied widely accepted interpretations of the translation movement, as regards both the factors that promoted it and the responses to it. Gained in Translation: Tibetan Science between Dharamsala and <city w:st="on"><place w:st="on">Lhasa</place></city>, Audrey Prost, pp. 132-144 The essay focuses on the contemporary practice of traditional Tibetan medicine and biomedical care in the exile communities of <place w:st="on"><city w:st="on">Himachal Pradesh</city>, <country-region w:st="on">India</country-region></place>. Drawing on fieldwork conducted in the area, as well as on related Tibetan literature, I wish to undertake a broader analysis of the interpretation of scientific work and concepts in the Buddhist Tibetan exile community. Placing specific emphasis on the problem of the translation of scientific concepts in medical practice, I wish to look at ways in which exile Tibetans have translated and incorporated Western scientific concepts into their practice of medicine, and how they are generally used in everyday life. I also look at competing scientific translations between the Chinese Tibetan Autonomous Region and the exile communities of <country-region w:st="on"><place w:st="on">India</place></country-region>, showing how the evolution of medical practice in both contexts is informed by the political situation. I argue that Tibetan translations and re-interpretations of Western scientific concepts, under the guise of following set conventions, actually depart in culturally significant ways from their intended signifiers, notably in recasting them within a Buddhist framework. In doing so, they provide us with valuable information, revealing cultural interpretations linked to key religious and political influences in the community. â€˜And the Translator Is â€“ â€™: Translators in Chinese History, Eva Hung, pp. 145-160 This essay first lists the definitions of the terms â€˜translateâ€™ and â€˜translatorâ€™ given in major Chinese dictionaries from the second century to the present. It then considers cases drawn from various periods of Chinese history and examines the exact nature of the work in which the persons credited as translators were engaged. This will reveal a major discrepancy between the usual definition for the word â€˜translatorâ€™ and the actual accreditation of translation work to individuals, a discrepancy which has been highlighted in the latest studies from Chinese translation circles. To conclude, it briefly examines why this situation has arisen and what it signifies. SECTION 3 REFLEXIVE PRAXIS The Translator as TheorÃ´s: Thoughts on Cogitation, Figuration and Current Creative Writing, Carol Maier, pp. 163-180 Spurred by Leila Aboulelaâ€™s novel The Translator, I have been studying other fiction in which the experiences of translators and writer-translators are explored. By probing the often unsettling effect of translation on translators, fiction writers might offer a contribution to translation theory that has been overlooked in translation studies. In addition, I wonder if that contribution may not exemplify Gideon Touryâ€™s understanding of translation theory as the study of potential or of â€˜what translation can or might doâ€™. Andrea Wilson Nightingaleâ€™s â€˜On Wandering and Wonderingâ€™ seems to confirm this in her discussion of the theorist as originally one who travels, observes and contemplates, glimpses possibilities and learns about other people and their customs, but also risks becoming estranged, rejected, ridiculed. In addition to being the traveller, a theorist or theorÃ´s, whether Platonic or Aristotelian, is an ambassador, witness or reporter but not a pontificator of universals, norms, rules or arguments. Nor does the theorist mandate a particular practice. Rather, theory is associated with contemplation and wonder, is a precondition of practice. I pursue the connection I sense between theÃ´ria, as discussed by Nightingale and others, and several fictional representations of translators as theorists. I test or contrast those representations with nonfictional discussions by translators of their work. I find increasingly that it is fiction and, at times, autobiography, rather than translation theory per se that probes the wondering as well as the wandering of translation. In order to focus on the specific translation tradition of a particular language or ethnic group and compare it with others, I believe it would be helpful to have a fuller understanding of translation theory as a contemplative and possibly transformative activity that will give rise to a wide range of practices. My reading of fiction and of translators' autobiographies leads me to suggest that, in the work of translators and creative writers, translation theorists will find insights into the relation between theory and practice that embrace both the methods translators use in their attempt to convey the unsettling knowledge to which translation gives rise and also the nature of that knowledge itself. Pseudotranslations, Authorship and Novelists in Eighteenth-Century <country-region w:st="on"><place w:st="on">Italy</place></country-region>, Paolo Rambelli, pp. 181-210 Pseudotranslations are usually ascribed a range of different functions, such as: to bypass censorship, to endow a new work with the authority of an alleged source, to stimulate readers into interpretative cooperation by passing original authors off as second-degree writers, and to introduce innovation into the literary system. In fact, the practice of pseudotranslation appeals not only to the standard relationship between source and target texts, but also that between the respective literary systems as such. For example, it enables the writers of the target system to act as the authors they pretend to translate, appropriating their techniques as well as their social profile. This was particularly evident in eighteenth-century <country-region w:st="on"><place w:st="on">Italy</place></country-region>, when novelists had extensive recourse to pseudotranslations in order to be credited with the same degree of authority and, above all, authorship as their English and French models. The tactic proved effective at a time when the Italian literary system was felt to lack a novel tradition and was still dominated by the compositional principles of imitatio and aemulatio. To Be or Not to Be a Gutter Flea: Writing from Beyond the Edge, Christi Ann Merrill, pp. 211-218 How to describe what makes a translated text come to life? The answer depends on what you consider life to be. Take the story â€˜Mathaâ€™ (â€˜The Limitâ€™) written in Rajasthani by Vijay Dan Detha: the wealthy protagonist worries about what will happen to him in his next birth, after he crosses the matha between one life and another. He wants to be reborn a wealthy seth, but the brahmins have warned him that instead he is to become a gutter flea. He is sent into paroxysms of agony imagining what life would be as such a lowly form. And the translator, too, struggles to move back and forth across a different, but analogous, matha. For the very concept of life conveyed in the Rajasthani and Hindi versions of the story suggests a form that is multiple, temporary, not exactly arbitrary and yet emphatically physical: the word â€˜joonâ€™ in Rajasthani, like â€˜yoniâ€™ in Hindi, can be translated into English variously as womb, origin, form, life, manifestation, birth, reincarnation, source. The story forces the translator to find a broader way of conceptualizing life in the English language. The story also asks the reader to rethink the hierarchical values that are placed on their being one version of the protagonist over another, and challenges the translator to render a (singular) life in the plural. To do so effectively she must imagine not just the protagonist being in two places at once, but the story itself that she writes. For the (singular) text she creates in English can best come to life if it is understood as yet another joon of the story that had a joon in Hindi, and before that, a joon in Rajasthani. This essay explores the implications of reading a translated text as multiply original by theorizing the practice of rendering â€˜Mathaâ€™ in English. English-Chinese, Chinese-Chinese: On <city w:st="on"><place w:st="on">Reading</place></city> Literature through Translation, Cosima Bruno, pp. 219-235 In this essay I offer a theoretical assessment of the process of translating and propose a formula to represent this process. I also sketch a method to study literature through translation, with the aim of challenging dichotomous views on translation and elaborating a working hypothesis consonant with the mutual articulation and cross-production that I regard as inherent in translation. I argue that translation provides a heuristic means to study literature, to the extent that it re-activates possibilities resident in the source text, thus enhancing aspects of the literary text which enrich the act of reading. In discussing this approach to literature, I shall draw attention to the case of translating contemporary Chinese poetry, with reference to the recent debate on the subject and examples taken from the work of the contemporary Chinese poet Yang Lian. Translation, Transcreation and Culture: Theories of Translation in Indian Languages, G. Gopinathan, pp. 236-246 In the ancient period in <country-region w:st="on"><place w:st="on">India</place></country-region>, no specific theory of translation was recorded, since creative writing and translation were never considered as two separate processes. Many modern translators however have recorded their experiences and reflections. The development of theoretical literature as part of translator training, as well as further studies in translation introduced in academic institutions after the 1970s, have also contributed to a change in attitude. The present essay, while proposing the model of â€˜transcreationâ€™ and exploring Sri Aurobindoâ€™s psycho-spiritual theory of translation, locates a disjuncture between Indian and Western approaches. Translation, Transcreation, Travesty: Two Models of Translation in Bengali Literature, Sukanta Chaudhuri, pp. 247-256 This essay focuses on two models or ideals of translation: the 'creative', whereby the translator assumes an independent identity and projects an independently valid work, and the 'mediatory', where translators see themselves as providing an entry to the original work for readers who do not know the source language. Perhaps no translation conforms entirely to one norm or the other, but locates itself somewhere along a spectrum between these notional opposites. I look at the interaction â€“ or rather, the absence of interaction â€“ of these two models in the context of Indian, particularly Bengali literature. Modern Bengali literature has extensively employed the mode of creative absorption of texts from other languages, along a trajectory ranging from direct translation to adaptation to 'imitation' to memorial traces to general inspiration. At the same time, the Bengali reading community demands an exceptionally high fidelity to the original in formal translations out of its own literature, above all as regards the works of Rabindranath Tagore. I look at the coexistence of these two diverging modes of rendering, and try to identify their root cause in certain features of colonial and postcolonial cultural relations. Volume 2 SECTION 4 MEMORY AND EMERGENCE Translation Choices across Five Thousand Years: Egyptian, Greek and Arabic Libraries in a <place w:st="on"><placetype w:st="on">Land</placetype> of <placename w:st="on">Many</placename></place> Languages, Stephen Quirke, pp. 265-282 The encyclopaedic and multilinguistic embrace of the newly launched Biblioteca Alexandrina presents a radical contrast to its Greek-dominated predecessors in Hellenistic and Roman Period Alexandria. These in turn belong to a five thousand year history of book collections in <country-region w:st="on"><place w:st="on">Egypt</place></country-region>. This paper addresses the potential for exploring translation choices in the longue durÃ©e offered by the history of writing on the Nile, from the invention of paper around 3000 BCE to the vibrant culture of the book in contemporary <country-region w:st="on"><place w:st="on">Egypt</place></country-region>. Although archaeological and historical evidence is limited, research questions may be raised on the number of scripts and languages present in ancient and medieval libraries, and factors influencing the decisions by the keepers of cultural memory in each period, faced with the following choices: which writings to keep, and from which languages, and which of three options to pursue within the spectrum of communicating content from other languages â€“ (1) direct, to retain the original, (2) indirect, to translate each single original, or (3) reductive, to produce a summary out of multiple original sources. Invisible Translation: Reading Chinese Texts in Ancient <country-region w:st="on"><place w:st="on">Japan</place></country-region>, Yukino Semizu, pp. 283-295 The ancient Japanese did not have their own script. Their intellectual development began when eleven volumes of Chinese writings were presented to the emperor's court around the end of the fourth century. Chinese classics continued to be the foundation of education in <country-region w:st="on"><place w:st="on">Japan</place></country-region> until the mid-twentieth century. <country-region w:st="on">Japan</country-region> has never shared a common language with <country-region w:st="on">China</country-region>, yet reference to translation is rarely found in the intellectual history of <country-region w:st="on"><place w:st="on">Japan</place></country-region>. This is due to a unique reading method that the Japanese developed. The method allows the Japanese to read the original Chinese text without knowing the Chinese language. Consequently, although a linguistic transfer occurs, no parallel text is produced. The essay explains why translation in <country-region w:st="on"><place w:st="on">Japan</place></country-region> took this unusual form and direction. It does this by exploring the nature of the Chinese writing system and the historical background into which this new knowledge arrived. The essay also examines the reading method in an attempt to gain a better understanding of the diverse nature of translation as a tool of acquiring new knowledge. Vulgar Eloquence? Cultural Models and Practices of Translation in Late Medieval <place w:st="on">Europe</place>, Ruth Evans, pp. 296-313 I introduce some of the major historical differences in attitudes towards translation and in actual translation practices of the longue durÃ©e known as the Middle Ages. My focus is largely on <country-region w:st="on"><place w:st="on">England</place></country-region> and on English texts, mostly from the later part of this period. â€˜Vulgar eloquenceâ€™ is a rough Englishing of the title of Danteâ€™s famous Latin treatise on poetics, the De vulgari eloquentia (1304-9), a text that paradoxically (because it is in Latin) addresses the need for an illustrious national poetry in the vernacular. Although Danteâ€™s treatise does not directly address the question of translation, it identifies a key concern of translation theory and practices in the later Middle Ages: the status of the various European vernaculars in relation to elite Latin culture. Middle English translations played a vital (and sometimes conflicted) role in negotiating access for the illiterati, those ignorant of Latin, to high-status texts. Medieval translators also strove to create a vernacular literary culture that vied with Latin models for eloquence and prestige. In so doing they drew on powerful ideological tropes. Chief among these is the Latin concept of translatio imperii et studii, current from at least the ninth century, and used in medieval historiography to underwrite notions of Empire. Translation practice in the Middle Ages is a combination of deference and displacement, transmitting cultural value and authority between past and present. But I also show that Middle English translators drew on a varied set of pragmatic and intellectual models that extend beyond that of translatio studii. Translation and the Creation of Genre: The Theatre in Nineteenth-Century <country-region w:st="on"><place w:st="on">Egypt</place></country-region>, Myriam Salama-Carr, pp. 314-324 The introduction of European (mainly French) drama into Arabic, and the growing interest in European culture, which is one of the aspects of the nahdDah, or Arab Renaissance of the nineteenth century, took various forms, ranging from direct importation to adaptation, where â€˜foreignâ€™ models could be appropriated and subverted by drawing on traditional forms such as folk drama and shadow theatre in order to create a genre. The translation of plays into Arabic and the work of playwrights and translators such as James Sanua and cUthmÄn JalÄl raised the issue of the use of the vernacular, engaging with the wider literary debate on whether more flexible, non-canonized forms of Arabic could be sought. Ottoman Conception of Translation and its Practice: The 1897 â€˜Classics Debateâ€™ as a Focus for Examining Change, Saliha Paker, pp. 325-348 The â€˜classics debateâ€™ (Klasikler Tartismasi) of 1897 was sparked by Ahmed Midhatâ€™s article in the <city w:st="on"><place w:st="on">Istanbul</place></city> daily press calling on the talented writers of his time to translate the European classics. It took a polemical turn when Kemalpasazade Said published eighteen â€˜Notebooksâ€™ called Galatat-i-Terceme (Erroneous Usage in Translation/s). The â€˜classics debateâ€™ highlights the linguistic and literary-cultural interest in translations from the European languages and their significance for Ottoman society. It marks a moment of reckoning with three decades of translational contact with French literature (and other European literatures, mostly via French) since the beginnings of the Tanzimat period. For the Ottoman literati, it was also a moment (perhaps the first) of collective confrontation, with the problems of translating a â€˜foreignâ€™ literature and culture on the one hand and, on the other, with the problems of generating a comparable literature â€˜of their ownâ€™. The debate forced a comparison between what was â€˜totally foreignâ€™, i.e. French, and what was â€˜not so foreignâ€™, i.e. Arabic and Persian. The European classics, it was generally agreed, should be translated but not imitated. My essay offers a critical discussion of the â€˜classics debateâ€™ as it was presented by Ramazan Kaplan under the same title in 1998. It also covers Agah Sirri Levendâ€™s discussion of the debate in 1972, and draws on Mehmed Fuat KÃ¶prÃ¼lÃ¼â€™s research on the late nineteenth century. The central point of my discussion concerns the concepts of imitation (taklid/tanzir) and translation (terceme) as they come up in the debate. I shall also address late Ottoman perceptions and criticism of the hybrid or tri-lingual nature of the language named Osmanlica (Ottoman Turkish). This topic too has implications for our understanding of Ottoman translation practices and is discussed with reference to questions both of non-translation and of appropriation from Arabic and Persian. African Europhone Literature and Writing as Translation: Some Ethical Issues, Paul Bandia, pp. 349-361 <span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "times new roman"; mso-ansi-language: en-us; mso-bidi-font-weight: norma

**ahmed_allaithy** · 09-24-2006, 10:27 AM

مراجع في الترجمة_Translation References

Theories on the Move: Translation's Role in the Travels of Literary Theories Sebnem Susam-Sarajeva Amsterdam/New York, NY 2006. X, 241 pp. (Approaches to Translation Studies 27) ISBN-10: 90-420-2059-8 Paper EUR 50,- / US $ 65.- ISBN-13: 978-90-420-2059-7 Within translation studies books on translating conceptually dense texts, such as philosophical or theoretical writings, are remarkably few. Although the translation of literature has been a favourite topic for many decades, the translation of theories on literature has been neglected. The phrase 'theories of translation' is everywhere, but 'translation of theories' is a rare sight. <div> On the other hand, the term 'translation' has become a commonplace in literary and cultural studies - yet usually as a rhetorical figure describing the fate of those who struggle between two worlds and two languages, such as migrants or women. Not much attention has been paid to the role of 'translation proper' in contemporary circulation of ideas.</div><div> The book addresses these gaps in translation studies and in literary studies for the first time by examining two specific cases where translation strategies and patterns crucially influenced the reception of imported schools of thought. By examining the importation of structuralism and semiotics into Turkish and of French feminism into English, it invites the readers to think about the impact of translation on the transmission of ideas across linguistic-cultural borders and power differentials. It is, therefore, of particular interest to the scholars working in translation studies, in literary and cultural theory, and in gender studies. </div>

**ahmed_allaithy** · 10-01-2006, 04:50 PM

مراجع في الترجمة_Translation References

**ahmed_allaithy** · 11-12-2006, 04:47 AM

مراجع في الترجمة_Translation References

<div>The latest issue of The Translator is now available from St. Jerome</div><div></div><div><a href="http://www.stjerome.co.uk/page.php?id=471&doctype=The%20Translator&s ection=1" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" _="">http://www.stjerome.co.uk/page.php?id=471&doctype=The%20Translator&s ectionfiltered=1</a></div><div></div><div></div><div>The Translator, Volume 12, Number 2, 2006 Special Issue: Translation, Travel, MigrationGuest Editor: Loredana Polezzi, UK Translation, Travel, Migration, pp 169-188Loredana Polezzi (University of Warwick, UK)Over the past few years, the connection between travel and translation has gained currency among scholars of a number of disciplines, including critical theory, postcolonial studies and anthropology. Yet the increased visibility of both translation and travel has tended to hide, rather than highlight, the complexity of social as well as representational phenomena linked to both spatial and linguistic mobility (which encompass, on the one hand, economic migration, exile and self-exile, diasporas and other forms of displacement, and, on the other, interlingual translation and interpretation, self-translation, and instances of multilingual production). A tendency to use terms in a rather loose and often figurative manner has resulted in a frequent shift of attention away from actual practices and their protagonists: the people who travel and translate, for themselves and for others. The present article argues in favour of an approach to mobility and translation phenomena which highlights their cultural and historical specificities while also foregrounding the socio-political implications of both practices and their interconnections. Such an approach calls into question a number of traditional assumptions, including the ability of travel writers to write selectively for a home audience, and the negative aura surrounding the translator as a potential cultural traitor. Additionally, stressing the impact of complex instances of mobility on the contemporary world also invites us to rethink binary models of identity and of translation, positing multiply translated (and translating) subjects as the protagonists of today’s global communication processes. Travelling Toward True Translation: The First Generation of Sino-English Translators, pp 189-210James St. André (University of Manchester, UK) In this paper I argue that the growing emphasis on first-hand observation in the emerging scientific discourse of eighteenth-century Europe led to a privileging of travel and travel narratives as important markers of authentic knowledge of non-European lands, including China. The first generation of translators of Chinese texts and their reviewers therefore emphasized this personal knowledge of China, while at the same time denigrating foreign ‘book knowledge’ of the region. Ultimately, however, this had the effect of undercutting the translator’s own claims to direct representation of the Chinese, as travel accounts by British subjects continued to enjoy more cultural capital than translations of Chinese texts, even though translators also made competing claims of the effectiveness of translation to open up a window onto the lives of the Chinese, and even when texts were translated by such confirmed Chinese experts as Sir George Thomas Staunton. Although Chinese-English translations became ‘truer’, they were consigned to play a subservient role vis-a-vis travel narratives in the development of British Sinology and the British public’s perception of China. Between Literacy and Non-Literacy: Interpreters in the Exploration and Colonization of Eighteenth- and Nineteenth-Century Alaska, pp 211-231Elena Filonova (University of Vienna, Austria)This examination of the contact between the Russian and native cultures in the exploration and conquest of Alaska, using such historical source material as expedition reports and an official complaint filed by the natives, is intended as the basis for an enquiry into the influence of literacy and non-literacy upon the interpreting process. Special difficulties mark the encounter between a literate and a non-literate culture, each being characterized by its own mode of thought. By being wary of such differences and seeking some common ground between the different parties, certain interpreters were successful in presenting especially inconspicuous distinguishing characteristics so that each party was able to adjust appropriately in order to further their mutual goals. An explanation of those characteristics of a society’s material and lived culture which are otherwise easily overseen proves essential to the interpreter's communicative task. A consistent line of observation and argumentation, however, forces us to admit that the perspective of the interpreter as well as that of the researcher is inherently tainted, leaving little hope for the absolute success of any such communication, o research on it.<h1 style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify">Translating Gypsies: Nomadic Writing and the Negotiation of Romani Identity, pp 233-251</h1>Paola Toninato (University of Warwick, UK) Travelling Roma have for centuries been portrayed by non-Roma (Gad¼é) in idyllic or sharply negative images that have little connection with the social context of Romani nomadism. Romani authors have begun to resist and relativize such representations, thereby giving rise to an autochthonous written literature. This article analyzes texts in which Romani authors challenge the stereotypical image of the ‘travelling Gypsies’ by emphasizing the reality of an independent nomadic way of life. It argues that Romani authors are acting as translating subjects in two ways: by being translators of Romani texts, and as Roma activists engaged in ‘translating’ their culture for non-Gypsy audiences. The article further argues that an important part of Romani literature is devoted to autoethnography, conceived as a strategy used by the Roma to represent themselves ‘through the eyes of the other’ without losing their cultural specificity. The Roma’s use of writing and translation are interpreted as alternative sites of enunciation which question the rigid Roma/Gad¼é polarity and open up new possibilities for negotiating Romani identity through dialogue, mutual recognition as well as demarcating their own space. A crucial factor in this context is the growing use and appreciation of a unifying Romani language, Romanes. Increased use of Romanes in written form presents, among other things, new opportunities for translating Gypsies to challenge asymmetrical power relations between Roma and Gad¼é. <h1 style="margin: 0cm 0pt">Rembetika Songs and Their ‘Return’ to Anatolia, pp 253-278</h1>ªebnem Susam-Sarajeva (University of Edinburgh, UK) This article examines the representation of rembetika music in Turkey since the 1990s. As a genre which is closely intertwined with migration, rembetika has multilingual and multicultural origins, encompassing Ottoman-Greek, Ottoman-Turkish, Greek, Arabic, Slavic and Balkan elements, dating back to the end of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th centuries. Its recent revival within the Turkish music scene has as much to do with a renewed interest in the music of the minorities as with the so-called ‘thaw in relationships’ between Greece and Turkey. However this revival raises certain questions as to the choice and presentation of songs in the recent rembetika recordings issued in Turkey, the liner notes included with the recordings, and the decision to translate or not to translate the songs’ lyrics. The article argues that in the context of rembetika in Turkey, the existence of translations/rewritings of lyrics indicates an ‘othering’ process, while simultaneously ensuring an ‘after-life’ for rembetika songs in a land which reputedly gave birth to them in the first place. ‘Writing in the Foreign’: Migrant Sexuality and Translation of the Self in Manuel Puig’s Later Work, pp 279-299Christopher Larkosh (University of Connecticut, USA) Is it possible to speak of a literary style of transnational migration, especially by way of the linguistic transformations it so frequently calls forth? And how might this migratory style be translated? This essay explores the concepts of self-translation and translingualism in the writings of the Argentine author Manuel Puig (1932-1990). Although Puig is best known for his 1976 novel The Kiss of the Spider Woman and the subsequent cinematic and theatrical adaptation of it, less critical attention has been given to his other works written in exile in New York, Rio de Janeiro and Mexico City in the 1970’s and 80’s, most likely because of the multilingual techniques employed in their creation. An examination of these works through a translingual optic not only allows for a renewed discussion of multilingual identity in ongoing disciplinary developments in translation studies, but also of a broad range of identities – whether national, cultural, ethnic, gender or sexual – often inseparable from the act of literary production. Mimicry or Translation? Storytelling and Migrant Identity in Abdulrazak Gurnah’s Novels Admiring Silence and By the Sea, pp 301-322Tina Steiner (University of Cape Town, South Africa) Drawing on theories of culture and translation, this article explores the relationship between migrancy and translation within the discursive mode of storytelling in two novels by East African writer Abdulrazak Gurnah, Admiring Silence (1996) and By the Sea (2001). Gurnah uses storytelling to explore the discursive strategies open to migrants in their efforts to negotiate a place of belonging. The East African Asian narrators of the two novels tell different stories, and their choice between mimicry and translation as possible strategies determines their ability (or otherwise) to create a home – however tentatively – in their new English environment. The narrator of Admiring Silence mimics the voice of the westerner, thus exposing and unsettling the discourse of imperial control and authority. Yet the narrative space recreated in mimicry is a site of ambivalence. The narrator is stripped of identity and remains unable to translate the past into the present, while mimicry is ultimately shown to be insufficient to sustain meaningful cross-cultural relationships. In By the Sea, it is translation, rather than mimicry, that affords the characters a life where past and present connect, offering hope for the future: two East African Asian narrators meet in an English seaside town and their mutual storytelling leads them to translate their painful histories into a shared present, thus resisting self-pity and isolation. This fictional storytelling mirrors the real process of migrancy, where the exile’s life is “taken up with compensating for disorienting loss by creating a new world to rule” (Said 1994:144). In By the Sea, Gurnah suggests that this ‘new world’ is at least partly a translation of the past. Look Who’s Talking? Multiple Worlds, Migration and Translation in Leila Aboulela’s The Translator, pp 323-344 Brenda Cooper (University of Cape Town, South Africa) This paper discusses Leila Aboulela’s search for the kind of English appropriate for depicting the multiple cultures, languages and knowledge bases in which both she and her protagonist in The Translator are inserted. I demonstrate that she does this by capturing the rich detail of daily life and material culture in her fiction and that one of the devices for this capture is the rhetoric of metonymy. What emerges in the paper is that solid objects in Aboulela’s fiction speak a different language from the most obvious literary use of deep symbols and profound metaphors. They say something about the texture of life and the loss suffered by those who have to negotiate between diverse cultures and identities. We see that migrant writers have transported worlds and cultures and knowledges into the West, along with their suitcases and boxes, recipes and accents. In other words, while Sammar, Aboulela’s protagonist in the novel, is employed to translate between English and Arabic, the more subtle translation happens within the English language and between different cultures. In addition to The Translator, this argument is consolidated with a brief examination of Aboulela’s prize-winning short story, ‘The Museum’.Scribes of a Transnational Europe: Travel, Translation, Borders, pp 345-369Nicoletta Pireddu (Georgetown University, USA) This paper investigates the possibility of a European consciousness emerging from a rethinking of the nexus of travel and translation in terms of motion, transit, carrying across and carrying away, and the ability of this consciousness to transform Europe from a monolithic, self-centered locus and idea exported and imposed on the ‘other’ into a complex cultural space and a site for pluralist encounters. An analysis of works by Christine Brooke-Rose and Diego Marani shows how the joint action of travel and translation can dispel the spectre of the European subject’s alleged crisis of symbolization. The paper treats these writers as exemplary instances of what it defines as the ‘scribes of a transnational Europe’, that is, writers who, by participating in multiple linguistic and geographical European spaces, contribute to the creation of a new European identity modelled upon border crossing. As it visualizes the movement that traverses and connects geographical and verbal sites, border crossing becomes the dynamics through which these writers refashion Europeanness as hybrid and diasporic subjectivity. Practising spatial and cultural transfer, Brooke Rose and Marani sketch an antifoundational middle ground between the absolutist singularity of the national community and the hegemonizing generality of globalization. At the same time, however, their writings also show that the porosity of European geographical, linguistic and conceptual boundaries does not imply radical erasure of borders but rather their redefinition as lines of contact that reshape identity as alterity, marked by a difference within itself.Revisiting the ClassicsDecolonizing Translation: Language, Culture and Self (Paul Bandia, Canada)Book ReviewsLoredana Polezzi: Translating Travel: Contemporary Italian Travel Writing in English Translation (Harish Trivedi, India)Paola Daniela Smecca: Representational Tactics in Travel Writing and Translation: A Focus on Sicily (David Katan, Italy)Michael Cronin: Across the Lines: Travel, Language, Translation (Jan Borm, France)Carmine G. Di Biase (ed): Travel and Translation in the Early Modern Period (Carlo Caruso, UK)Maria Tymoczko: Translation in a Postcolonial Context – Early Irish Literature in English Translation (Costanza Peverati, Italy)Rifaa’a Raafi’ al-TahTaawi: takliiS al-ibriiz fi talkhiiS baariiz (Myriam Salama-Carr, UK)</div><div align="left"><div align="left"></div><a href="http://www.stjerome.co.uk/" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" _="">www.stjerome.co.uk</a><a href="http://www.labournet.net/world/0209/pappe1.htmlhttp://www.gush-shalom.org/english/index.html" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" _=""></a></div>

**ahmed_allaithy** · 11-26-2006, 02:08 PM

_مراجع في الترجمة_Translation References

 <h1>An Anthology of Chinese Discourse on Translation</h1><h5>Volume 1: From Earliest Times to the Buddhist Project</h5>Edited with Annotations and Commentary by Martha P. Y. Cheung<a href="http://www.stjerome.co.uk/page.php?id=472&doctype=StJBooks&section=1 " target="_blank" rel="nofollow" _="">http://www.stjerome.co.uk/page.php?id=472&doctype=StJBooks&sectionfi ltered=1</a>Translation has a long history in China. Down the centuries translators, interpreters, Buddhist monks, Jesuit priests, Protestant missionaries, writers, historians, linguists, and even ministers and emperors have all written about translation, and from an amazing array of perspectives. Such an exciting diversity of views, reflections and theoretical thinking about the art and business of translating is now brought together in a two-volume anthology. The first volume covers a time-frame from roughly the 5th century BCE to the twelfth century CE. It deals with translation in the civil and government context, and with the monumental project of Buddhist sutra translation. The second volume spans the 13th century CE to the Revolution of 1911, which brought an end to feudal China. It deals with the transmission of Western learning to China – a translation venture that changed the epistemological horizon and even the mindset of Chinese people. Comprising over 250 passages, most of which are translated into English for the first time here, the anthology is the first major source book to appear in English. It carries valuable primary material, allowing access into the minds of translators working in a time and space markedly different from ours, and in ways foreign or even inconceivable to us. The topics these writers discussed are familiar. But rather than a comfortable trip on well-trodden ground, the anthology invites us on an exciting journey of the imagination.304pp | Published: 2006<div align="left">ISBN 1-900650-92-4, Hardback, £45 (including postage and packing)</div><div align="left">This anthology demonstrates more effectively than any history or theoretical treatise the utter falseness of the view that medieval China was a closed cultural universe. Here we find proof after scintillating proof of the creative ferment and wit that went into the huge endeavour of translating the Buddhist sutras into Chinese, over a period of almost a thousand years. Here, through the prism of the activity of translation, in these chiselled texts, so carefully chosen and meticulously presented and translated into English, we witness the intense empathy and imaginative energy that lay at the heart of the Chinese transmission of truth and enlightenment. We are left awaiting the second part of this superb anthology with impatience. (John Minford) A stunning piece of scholarship! Coordinating a team of top experts in Chinese translation studies, Martha Cheung brilliantly edits what may be the most ground-breaking contribution to translation studies in a quarter century. This book is much more than a 'read through' or a reference book: its dialogic qualities between China and the West, past and present, will inspire decades of new insights about translation. (Maria Tymoczko) Truly enlightening, this Eastern contribution will greatly extend and enrich Translation Studies, and will substantially modify our understanding of what translation is and how translation works. (Harish Trivedi)</div>

**ahmed_allaithy** · 01-27-2007, 01:09 PM

مراجع في الترجمة_Translation References

<div align="left">Stylistic Approaches to TranslationJean Boase-Beier ISBN 1-900650-98-3 December 2006 184 pp, £19.50 (inc. postage & packing)Translation Theories ExploredISSN 1365-0513Series Editor: Theo Hermanshttp://www.stjerome.co.uk/page.php?id=476&doctype=Translation%20Theories %20Explored&section=3The concept of style is central to our understanding and construction of texts. But how do translators take style into account in reading the source text and in creating a target text?This book attempts to bring some coherence to a highly interdisciplinary area of translation studies, situating different views and approaches to style within general trends in linguistics and literary criticism and assessing their place in translation studies itself. Some of the issues addressed are the link between style and meaning, the interpretation of stylistic clues in the text, the difference between literary and non-literary texts, and more practical questions about the recreation of stylistic effects. These various trends, approaches and issues are brought together in a consideration of the most recent cognitive views of style, which see it as essentially a reflection of mind. Underlying the book is the notion that knowledge of theory can affect the way we translate. Far from being prescriptive, theories which describe what we know in a general sense can become part of what an individual translator knows, thus opening the way for greater awareness and also greater creativity in the act of translation. Throughout the discussion, the book considers how insights into the nature and importance of style might affect the actual translation of literary and non-literary texts. Jean Boase-Beier is Senior Lecturer in the School of Literature and Creative Writing at the University of East Anglia, where she runs the MA in Literary Translation and teaches stylistics. In addition to publishing widely on style and translation, she is co-editor of The Practices of Literary Translation (1999), a translator of German poetry, and editor of Visible Poets, a series of bilingual poetry books.</div>ContentsAcknowledgementsIntroduction: Style in Translation1. The role of style in translation 1.1 Reading and writing style in translation 1.2 Before stylistics: the spirit of a text 1.3 Universals of style and creative transposition 1.4 Contextual, pragmatic and cognitive aspects of style and translation 1.5 Relativity and thinking for translation 1.6 Translating literary and non-literary texts2. Theories of reading and relevance 2.1 Reading, style and the inferred author 2.2 Implication, relevance and minimax 2.3 Relevance theory and translating for relevance3. The translator?s choices 3.1 Style and choice 3.2 Clues, games and decisions 3.3 Recreated choices in translation4. Cognitive stylistics and translation 4.1 The cognitive turn in stylistics and translation studies 4.2 Translating the mind in the text 4.3 Ambiguity and textual gaps 4.4 Foregrounding, salience and visibility 4.5 Metaphor, mind and translation 4.6 Iconicity, mimesis and diagesis 4.7 Cognitive stylistics and the pretence of translation5. A stylistic approach in practice 5.1 Elements of a stylistic approach to translation 5.2 Using style to translate mind 5.3 Ambiguous translation 5.4 Attracting attention: patterns and other deviant structures 5.5 Metaphorical thought translated 5.6 Keeping the echo: translating for iconicity6. ConclusionBibliography

**ahmed_allaithy** · 01-28-2007, 03:47 PM

مراجع في الترجمة_Translation References

Translating (in) the Arab WorldEdited by: Sameh Fekry Hanna, University College London To be published by St. Jerome Call for Papers The study of translation and interpreting has been Euro-centric since its inception (Bassnett and Lefevere 1998:138; Baker 1998:277-78). With the publication of John Benjamins' Translators through History in 1995 and the Routledge Encyclopedia of Translation Studies in 1998, the latter including a large section on translation in a wide range of traditions, many scholars both within and outside the Western sphere began to engage with scholarly work on translation and interpreting written from the perspective of the West's many 'others' (Nair 2002; Chan 2004; Faiq 2004; Hung and Wakabayashi 2005; Hermans 2006, Cheung 2006). With very few exceptions, Arabic perspectives on translation have remained largely hidden from view despite these recent developments, and even though there are arguably more pressing reasons today for engaging with this particular area of the world than at any other time in history. Stimulating research on translation and interpreting by and among speakers of Arabic, as well as giving this research the kind of visibility it deserves at a time when Arab culture is the target of indiscriminate and often racist attacks, is one of the main objectives of this initiative. This volume will aspire to avoid the limitations of most available research on the realities of translation in the Arab World. Two limitations can be identified, one relates to the approaches underlying this research and the other to the material investigated. First, the dominance of linguistic models of analysis, though helpful in the context of translation pedagogy, has so far eclipsed a number of questions and issues that merit the attention of researchers on translation in the Arab World. These include questions as varied as the agency of translators, institutional translation policies, dominant and subversive translation norms, translation of cultural taboos and censorship, translation as a means of political resistance, and translation and the mediation of conflicts, among other issues. Second, the fact that most research on translation in this area has been mainly concerned with 'written', and specifically literary translation, has obscured the complexity and relevance of other translation and interpreting practices in the Arab World; these remain, to a large extent, a terra incognita. While welcoming articles on literary translation, the editor is particularly interested in contributions on less-researched domains, such as interpreting, media translation and audio-visual translation. At the geographical level, some parts in the Arab World are more visible in research on translation than others. The fact that the 'Arabic tradition in translation' is generally associated in the minds of researchers with the history of translation in Egypt and Lebanon is illustrative of this unequal representation of Arab countries in research on translation. Tied to this issue is the lack of comparative studies on translation practices in different Arab countries. The editor would therefore particularly welcome contributions that engage with translation and interpreting in less researched regions, such as Algeria, Sudan, the Gulf, etc. The following is an indicative - though not exhaustive - list of topics which may be considered by contributors to the volume: o Translation and interpreting in the Arab World and the conflict between dominant and subversive norms; o Institutional translation policies; o Translation and the representation of national, regional and Pan-Arab identities; o Translation and gender in the Arab context; o Translation and the mediation of political conflicts; o Translation and the representation of Arab identity in international mass media; o Censorship and the translation of cultural taboos; o Translation of comics and other culturally-sensitive genres; o Translation as a means of political resistance; o Translation and the economy of cultural production in the Arab world; o Practices of audio-visual translation in the Arab context; o Discourses on translation in the Arab World; o Comparative studies on translation practice and research in different Arab countries; o Alternative histories of translation in the Arab World. References Baker, Mona (1998) 'Translation Studies', in Mona Baker (ed.) Routledge Encyclopedia of Translation Studies, London: Routledge, 277-80. Bassnett, Susan and André Lefevere (1998) Constructing Cultures: Essays on Literary Translation, Clevedon: Multilingual Matters. Chan, Leo Tak-Hung (2004) Twentieth-Century Chinese Translation Theory: Modes, Issues and Debates, Amsterdam: John Benjamins. Cheung, Martha (editor and commentator) An Anthology of Chinese Discourse on Translation, Volume One: >From Earliest Times to the Buddhist Project, Manchester: St. Jerome. Delisle, Jean and Judith Woodsworth (eds.)(1995) Translators through History, Amsterdam & Paris: John Benjamins & Éditions Unesco. Faiq, Said (ed.) (2004) Cultural Encounters in Translation from Arabic, Clevedon: Multilingual Matters. Hermans, Theo (ed.) (2006) Translating Others I & II, Manchester: St. Jerome. Hung, Eva and Judy Wakabayashi (eds)(2005) Asian Translation Traditions, Manchester: St. Jerome. Nair, Rukmini Bhaya (ed.) (2002) Translation, Text and Theory: The Paradigm of India, New Delhi & Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications. Schedule: 20th March 2007: deadline for submitting abstracts (400-500 words) 30th April 2007: notification of acceptance. 30th September 2007: deadline for submission of papers 15 December 2007: confirmation of provisional acceptance of papers 31st January 2008: referee feedback forwarded to authors 30 March 2008: submission of final versions of papers to editor (6000-8000 words) 1 June 2008: submission of final manuscript to publisher April 2009: publication date. Editor Sameh Fekry Hanna is the Andrew Mellon Fellow in the Humanities, University College London. He wrote his PhD, at Manchester, on the implications of Bourdieu's sociology of cultural production for the study of drama translation. His published research addresses such issues as the sociology of translation, drama translation, Shakespeare translation in Egypt, translation and the construction of national identity, literary translation and translation in the Arabic tradition. Contact Details: Sameh Fekry Hanna c/o Vice-Provost's office (Academic and International) University College London Gower Street WC1E 6BT Email: sameh.hanna@ucl.ac.uk

**ahmed_allaithy** · 02-04-2007, 01:43 PM

مراجع في الترجمة_Translation References

Encounters Volume 8Bridges and BarriersLanguage in African Education and DevelopmentEddie Williams <a href="http://www.stjerome.co.uk/page.php?id=478&doctype=Encounters&section =3" target="_blank" rel="nofollow">http://www.stjerome.co.uk/page.php?id=478&doctype=Encounters&section =3</a><h2 style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 0cm"></h2><h2 style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 0cm">Recent decades have seen sub-Saharan Africa decline in economic and human terms. The rich North has responded with well-publicised initiatives, from pop concerts to commitments on debt relief. However, effective education, a crucial contribution to development, receives little media coverage. This book argues that in “Anglophone” Africa, education is not effective because of the use of English, rather than African languages, as the medium of instruction and the language of initial literacy. </h2>An array of evidence from Malawi and Zambia – countries with contrasting language policies – found that having English as a medium of instruction for the first years of primary schooling gives students no advantage in English over students who had an African language medium, while the dominance of English discriminates against girls and rural children. On the other hand, African language policies generate huge advantages in African reading for all children, rural or urban, female or male. However, in neither Malawi nor Zambia do children read English well enough to learn through it, as official policy intends. The book concludes that much education in Africa is a barrier ,rather than a bridge to learning, and that appropriate language policies have a positive contribution to make to African development.278 pp. December 2006ISBN 1-900650-97-5 <h5 style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt">£19.99 inc. postage & packing </h5><h5 style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt"></h5>Contents Preface1. Introduction1.1 Africa : current preoccupations1.2 Education, language and development1.3 Concepts of development1.4 Education and development2. Malawi and Zambia – The Background2.1 Rationale for country selection 2.2 Zambia2.2.1 General2.2.2 Language in Zambia2.2.3 Primary education in Zambia2.3 Malawi2.3.1 General2.3.1 Language in Malawi2.3.3 Primary education in Malawi2.4 Pedagogic approaches to reading in Malawi and Zambia2.4.1 Malawi2.4.1.1 Reading and English in the primary syllabus2.4.1.2 Reading in teacher training 2.4.1.3 Classroom practice in reading2.4.2 Zambia2.4.2.1 Reading in the primary syllabus2.4.2.2 Reading in teacher training 2.4.2.3 Classroom practice in reading2.5 Observations on classroom reading in Malawi and Zambia2.6 Previous research on reading in Zambia and Malawi3. Reading in First and Additional Languages<h1 style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt">3.1 Reading and literacy</h1>3.2 Language in reading3.2.1 Language and language levels3.2.2 First language, second language and mother tongue3.2.3 Language in models of the reading process3.2.4 Grammar and reading 3.2.5 Vocabulary and reading3.3 First language reading and second language proficiency.3.3.1 Research evidence3.3.2 Findings from educational surveys3.3.3 Counter-evidence3.3.4 Explanations for contradictory findings3.4 Research Objectives3.4.1 General aims3.4.2 Research hypotheses4. The Reading Tests 4.1 The schools4.1.1 Selected schools in Malawi4.1.2 Selected schools in Zambia4.2 The students4.3 The reading tests4.3.1 Test construction4.3.2 Rationale for modified cloze tests4.3.3 African language tests4.4 Test administration5. Results of the English Reading Tests5.1 General description5.2 English reading test results, Malawi5.2.1 National level5.2.2 Differences between schools5.2.3 Sex differences5.2.4 Location (urban/rural) differences5.2.5 Location and sex effects combined5.3 English reading test results: Zambia5.3.1 National level5.3.2 Differences between schools5.3.3 Sex differences5.3.4 Location (urban/rural) differences5.3.5 Location and sex effects combined5.4 General comparison of the English test results in Malawi and Zambia<h2 style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 44.5pt">5.5 Testing of the hypotheses for English: Summary </h2>6. Results of the African Language Reading Tests6.1 General 6.2 Results of African language reading tests, Zambia6.2.1 National level6.2.2 School differences6.2.3 Sex differences6.2.4 Location (urban/rural) differences6.2.5 Sex and location differences combined6.2.6 Testees from Non-Nyanja Homes6.2.7 Comparison of English and Nyanja test results6.3 Results of African language reading tests, Malawi6.3.1 National level6.3.2 School differences6.3.3 Sex differences6.3.4 Location (rural/urban) differences6.3.5 Sex and location differences combined6.3.6 Testees from non-Chichewa homes6.3.7 Comparison of English and Chichewa results 6.4 African language reading: Malawi and Zambia compared 6.5 Cross country comparison of English and African language results6.6 Malawian performance on the Nyanja (Zambian) test6.7 Testing of hypotheses for African language results: Summary6.7.1 Cross-country comparisons ( Malawi and Zambia ):6.7.2 Within-country African language comparisons6.7.2.1 Malawi6.7.2.2 Zambia7. Individual Reading Sessions7.1 The participants: assistants and students7.2 The reading sessions7.3 Techniques in the investigation of reading strategies 7.4 Individual reading of English7.4.1 The English reading text7.4.2 Findings for the English reading sessions7.4.3 Difficulties in the English text reported by students7.4.4 Strategies for assigning meaning in English7.4.5 The English reading sessions as validation for the test results7.5 African Language Individual Reading Sessions7.5.1 The African language reading text7.5.2 Individual African language reading sessions, Malawi7.5.3 Individual African language reading sessions, Zambia7.5.4 Comparison of the African language reading sessions and the reading test results7.5.5 Conclusion on African language reading8. The Language Dilemma in African Schools8.1 General 8.2 Language in reading in Malawi and Zambia8.3 Lexical competence in English8.4 Explaining differential reading proficiencies8.5 Learning in English across the curriculum8.6 Possibilities for amelioration8.6.1 Reducing the dominance of English8.6.2 Improving teaching of English reading 8.6.3 Comments on the possibilities9. Conclusion9.1 Language Policy and Language Development9.1.1 English and unification9.1.2 English and development9.2 Educational effectiveness and development9.3 Politics, conditions, capitals and agenciesEnvoisAppendices1: Map of Africa2: Text and Transcript for English Lesson, Malawi3: Text and Transcript for English Lesson, Zambia4: Test Type Exercizes from Course Books 5: Year of Introduction of Lexical Items from English Test6: Extracts from Reading Tests7: Reliability Results for Tests8: Test Item Facility ValuesIndex

**ahmed_allaithy** · 03-07-2007, 04:30 AM

مراجع في الترجمة_Translation References

The Interpreter and Translator Trainer EditorsDorothy Kelly and Catherine WayVolume 1, Number 1, 2007<a href="http://www.stjerome.co.uk/page.php?id=454&doctype=Periodicals&sectio n=1&msg=Periodicals&finds=0&string" target="_blank" rel="nofollow">http://www.stjerome.co.uk/page.php?id=454&doctype=Periodicals&sectio n=1&msg=Periodicals&finds=0&string</a>= Editorial: On the Launch of ITT, pp 1-13Kelly, Dorothy and Catherine Way ( Universidad de Granada , Spain )On the occasion of the launch of this new journal, the editors attempt to make explicit the reasons which led them to take this initiative, and to establish the objectives of the project In attempting to answer the question of why training is important for translators and interpreters, they offer an overview of the state of the art in translator and interpreter training, reviewing the literature in broad terms and then focusing on the nature of research in the field. The authors stress that recent and ongoing research into training is carried out within quite diverse research traditions, from the most purely quantitative to the most qualitative, from the most positivist to the most interpretative or critical action research. The editorial ends with an outline of the structure of the journal (articles, reviews, features section), an overview of the contents of the current issue, and an extensive bibliography on the topic.Can Theory Help Translator and Interpreter Trainers and Trainees?, pp 15-35Marianne Lederer (UniversitÃ© Paris 3-Sorbonne Nouvelle (ESIT), France)This paper starts with defining â€˜theoryâ€™, â€˜translationâ€™ and the type of training given in translation institutions. The trainers on whom the paper focuses are professional translators, and the trainees are advanced-level students. The question is raised as to whether trainers should also be translation scholars, and whether they should be cognizant with one or all of the various theories of translation. Several theories used in translator training are then reviewed. The paper finally discusses a number of theoretical principles (mostly based on the interpretive theory of translation, though some are common to several theories) and their implications for translator training. These principles enable trainers to explain to trainees the difference between language and discourse, and hence the reason why literal translation does not work at text level; the way understanding emerges from the merging of linguistic meanings with real world knowledge, and hence the necessity of documentary research; the way the text should be analyzed in order for trainees to internalize its sense; how trainees may detach themselves from the meanings and structures of the original in order to reformulate it idiomatically. Drawing on such principles, trainers can give their students a working methodology â€“ they are able to build up a didactic progression grounded on a rational grading of texts, and to assess the work of trainees on the basis of objective criteria. Economic Trends and Developments in the Translation Industry: What Relevance for Translator Training?, pp 37-63Maeve Olohan ( University of Manchester , UK )This paper examines some of the features of the translation services sector, based on economic performance data, industry-specific surveys and developments in the formulation of international standards for translation services. A section of the paper is devoted to each of these aspects. The picture which emerges from the economic data is of a fragmented sector consisting of predominantly freelance translators on the one hand and ever-expanding international companies reaping most of the financial benefits on the other. Industry-specific surveys confirm what we learn from the economic data, and provide us with some additional information about the freelance translatorâ€™s profile and training needs. An analysis of the new European standard for translation services brings into focus some possible future directions for translation companies and freelancers. In a final section, the paper reflects critically on the relevance of these issues for translator training, using intended learning outcomes as a means of formulating the connections between the current state of the language services industry and the professionalization element in university translator training programmes. A TQM Approach to Translator Training. Balancing Stakeholdersâ€™ Needs and Responsibilities, pp 65-77Moustafa Gabr (Egypt and Kuwait)This article is published as a tribute to its author, who was tragically killed in a car accident in June 2004. It is reproduced here with the kind permission of his wife, Manal Gabr.Since the Bologna Declaration in 1999, quality has become a central theme and a pressing need in European higher education. In translator training programmes, factors such as the nature of the translation market and its requirements, the impact of accelerating and unpredictable changes in language technologies and evolving student needs have, however, constituted obstacles for the meeting and maintenance of quality requirements by university departments. To overcome these obstacles, this paper puts forward the idea that quality in translator training programmes can be maintained through adapting the principles of Total Quality Management (TQM) to the processes of programme design, development and implementation. This approach leads to the conclusion that it is imperative for translator training programmes to be developed in accordance with proper assessment of three inextricably linked needs: the needs of the market, the needs of translation departments and â€“ equally important â€“ the needs of students. For a New Approach to Translator Training. Questioning Some of the Concepts which Inform Current Programme Structure and Content in Spain, pp 79-95Roberto Mayoral Asensio ( Universidad de Granada , Spain )Theoretical approaches to translation have always conditioned the structure and content of the training of translators. The lack of clarity existing in the discipline has given rise to a programme structure in Spain which is based on poorly defined concepts, and thus leads to overlap between different course units, and to inefficient approaches to training. This article identifies some current areas of overlap and, in particular, calls into question the sequencing of translation courses on the basis of the degree of specialization or the subject area of the texts used as exercises in class. The article concludes that translator training should be based on didactic criteria, and organized around problem-solving, around the translation solutions available and the strategies which allow translators to select the most suitable solution, as well as around the analysis of texts and the social situation of translation. Enhancing Mental Processes in Simultaneous Interpreting Training, pp 97-116Chuta Funayama (Kobe City University of Foreign Studies, Japan)Trainees in interpreting courses tend to be concerned more about superficial linguistic expressions than the message, or what is conveyed by those expressions. This tendency stands out particularly in the mode of simultaneous interpreting (SI). This paper discusses the way we could direct our traineesâ€™ attention to the mental work needed for SI, based on a model which puts concepts, not lexical forms, at the centre of its schematic description. The model applied here gives on-line tracking of the concepts built, modified, and reconstructed during SI practice, which means that any unit of source language (SL) expression should be recorded and analyzed in terms of concepts. This model provides us with a new type of instruction tool as well as more detailed insight into specific components of SL comprehension and its rendering in the target language.The Features Section (edited by Luis PÃ©rez GonzÃ¡lez)Translators and Localization: Education and Training in the Context of the Global Initiative for Local Computing (GILC), pp 119-135Reinhard SchÃ¤ler ( University of Limerick , Ireland )Over the last thirty years, Ireland has consolidated itself as the Mecca of the localization industry. Nowhere else in the world has there been a higher concentration of companies involved in the linguistic and cultural adaptation of digital content in the widest sense of the term. This article explores the connections between the entrepreneurial bloom in the computing industry, the concomitant expansion of the localization business and Ireland â€™s outstanding economic growth in recent times. It also examines how the impetus of this unprecedented industrial and economic development has been harnessed by academics, researchers and practitioners in the field. Particular emphasis is placed on the emergence and consolidation of an extensive network for localization training and certification since 1997. In the second part, the article reports on the Global Initiative for Local Computing (GILC) and its ramifications for localization training worldwide. GILC proponents aim to draw attention to the economic implications of localization activities and the risk that current mainstream localization practices may promote western cultures and languages at the expense of their economically weaker counterparts around the globe. In the final part, the author discusses a number of localization training initiatives in Brazil , India and Egypt , where the Localisation Research Centre (LRC) has already entered into partnerships with government authorities and the educational sector. Drawing on these examples, he seeks to ascertain whether the so far largely Europe-centred training model developed in Ireland manages to cater for the needs of localizers in these countries.Book Reviews (Review Editor: John Kearns)Andrew Gillies: Conference Interpreting: A New Studentsâ€™ Companion / TÅ‚umaczenie ustne. Nowy poradnik dla studentÃ³w; James Nolan: Interpretation: Techniques and Exercises (Agnieszka Chmiel, Poland)Kirsten MalmkjÃ¦r (ed.): Translation in Undergraduate Degree Programmes ( Arvi Tavast , Estonia )David Katan: Translating Cultures. An Introduction for Translators, Interpreters and Mediators (2nd revised edition) (Marion Winters, Scotland )Martha Tennent (ed.): Training for the New Millennium. Pedagogies for Translation and Interpreting (Maria Piotrowska, Poland )DOCTORAL THESIS ABSTRACTSThe Multilingual and Multicultural Translation Classroom: Implications for the Teaching of Translation [El aula de TraducciÃ³n multilingÃ¼e y multicultural: implicaciones para la didÃ¡ctica de la TraducciÃ³n]Dimitra Tsokaktsidou, University of Granada , SpainCurriculum Renewal in Translator Training: Vocational Challenges in Academic Environments with Reference to Needs and Situation Analysis and Skills Transferability from the Contemporary Experience of Polish Translator Training CultureJohn Kearns, DublÃn City University, Ireland<pre>Bringing Professional Reality into Interpreter Training Through New Technologies and Action Research [La incorporaciÃ³n de la realidad profesional a la formaciÃ³n de intÃ©rpretes de conferencias mediante las nuevas tecnologÃas y la investigaciÃ³n en la acciÃ³n]</pre>JesÃºs de Manuel Jerez , University of Granada , Spain

**ahmed_allaithy** · 03-07-2007, 04:38 AM

مراجع في الترجمة_Translation References

The Interpreter and Translator Trainer EditorsDorothy Kelly and <street w:st="on"><address w:st="on">Catherine Way</address></street>Volume 1, Number 1, 2007<a href="http://www.stjerome.co.uk/page.php?id=454&doctype=Periodicals&sectio n=1&msg=Periodicals&finds=0&string" target="_blank">http://www.stjerome.co.uk/page.php?id=454&doctype=Periodicals&sectio n=1&msg=Periodicals&finds=0&string</a>=Editorial: On the Launch of ITT, pp 1-13Kelly, Dorothy and Catherine Way ( Universidad de <city w:st="on">Granada</city> , <place w:st="on"><country-region w:st="on">Spain</country-region></place> )On the occasion of the launch of this new journal, the editors attempt to make explicit the reasons which led them to take this initiative, and to establish the objectives of the project In attempting to answer the question of why training is important for translators and interpreters, they offer an overview of the state of the art in translator and interpreter training, reviewing the literature in broad terms and then focusing on the nature of research in the field. The authors stress that recent and ongoing research into training is carried out within quite diverse research traditions, from the most purely quantitative to the most qualitative, from the most positivist to the most interpretative or critical action research. The editorial ends with an outline of the structure of the journal (articles, reviews, features section), an overview of the contents of the current issue, and an extensive bibliography on the topic.Can Theory Help Translator and Interpreter Trainers and Trainees?, pp 15-35 Economic Trends and Developments in the Translation Industry: What Relevance for Translator Training?, pp 37-63 A TQM Approach to Translator Training. Balancing Stakeholders Needs and Responsibilities, pp 65-77 For a New Approach to Translator Training. Questioning Some of the Concepts which Inform Current Programme Structure and Content in <country-region w:st="on"><place w:st="on">Spain</place></country-region>, pp 79-95 Enhancing Mental Processes in Simultaneous Interpreting Training, pp 97-116 Translators and Localization: Education and Training in the Context of the Global Initiative for Local Computing (GILC), pp 119-135 Book Reviews (Review Editor: John Kearns) DOCTORAL THESIS ABSTRACTS

**ahmed_allaithy** · 03-07-2007, 12:45 PM

The Sign Language Translator and Interpreter

The Sign Language Translator and Interpreter EditorGraham Turner. Heriot-Watt University, Scotland, UKVolume 1, Number 1, 2007<a href="http://www.stjerome.co.uk/page.php?id=457&doctype=Periodicals&sectio n=1&msg=Periodicals&finds=0&string" target="_blank" rel="nofollow">http://www.stjerome.co.uk/page.php?id=457&doctype=Periodicals&sectio n=1&msg=Periodicals&finds=0&string</a>=Editorial: 37 Metres in 12 Seconds. Sign language translation and interpreting leave ‘terra firma’, pp 1-14Graham Turner ( Heriot-Watt University , UK )There is now a body of scholarship and social action which testifies to the establishment of sign language translation and interpreting as a defined occupational and academic field; from the formation of professional associations and the codification of guidelines for practitioners, via the publication of doctoral theses on the subject and the launch of higher educational courses for student interpreters, to the development of international patterns of engagement and exchange under the auspices of the World Association of Sign Language Interpreters (WASLI). This editorial outlines the key aims of the new journal, which aspires to addressing the needs of service ‘users’ and of ‘providers’ in the field of sign language translation and interpreting in ways that should ensure that it is of much more than ‘purely academic’ interest. The editor argues, however, that the establishment of a peer-reviewed journal should also be a clear signal that the field is one where there is now felt to be a platform upon which to build understandings of communicative phenomena offering meaningful contributions to knowledge and scientific enquiry. To establish a journal in this context is an act which should be seen as serving both to reflect the authentic maturity of the established field and, at the same time, further to construct, frame and focus that maturity. The radical element embodied by this journal, at least in terms of intent, is the aspiration for coherent and comprehensive engagement with the traditions, principles and advances of translation and interpreting studies broadly construed. Where Do We Come From? What Are We? Where Are We Going?: A Bibliometrical Analysis of Writings and Research on Sign Language Interpreting, pp 15-51Nadja Grbic (Karl-Franzens-Universität Graz, Austria)The fundamental differences between the relevant languages and communities have a profound influence on professional sign language interpreting situations. Interpretation serves to reflect and to create social and cultural values. Through a quantitative bibliometrical analysis of works on sign language interpreting published between 1970 and 2005, this article investigates the ways in which sign language interpreting has been addressed in print over time. The central question is this: to what extent has research into sign language interpreting influenced the broader map of knowledge? The analysis explores what topics have been addressed; which research questions have proven to be central; which methods have been considered to be helpful; and the way in which production as a whole has developed over time, with reference to the relationship between research into sign language interpreting and translation and interpreting studies in general. A range of areas for future development are identified.Deaf Translators/Interpreters’ Rendering Processes: The Translation of Oral Languages, pp 53-72Christopher Stone (DCAL Research Centre, University College London , UK )The rendering of English to BSL within television settings provides an opportunity to identify ways in which written languages are translated into oral languages (Ong 1982, Furniss 2004). This research explores the process that Deaf and hearing translators/ interpreters (T/Is) follow when rendering English television broadcast news into British Sign Language (BSL). The distribution of blinks is compared in Deaf and hearing translators/interpreters to illuminate the role of preparation and rehearsal. Think-aloud-protocols are used to explore whether differences between the two groups point to a contrast between translation and interpretation processes. The exploration of similarities and differences between Deaf and hearing T/Is enables the identification of a Deaf translation norm, which in turn can provide guidance to hearing T/Is in approaches to translation tasks.Visions of Equality: Translating Power in a Deaf Sermonette, pp 73-114Jennifer Rayman (California State University, Sacramento, USA)Language is often used to navigate concepts of equality between deaf and hearing people. This article looks in depth at a particular interpreted language event at the dedication service of a newly purchased church building, examining how power relations between deaf and hearing people are represented differently in the source and interpreted texts. The analysis focuses on the use of indexing and labelling to position deaf and hearing people in relation to each other and examines what may happen when the interpreter and the speaker have conflicting goals for the delivered message, or conflicting ideologies about key concepts such as equality. In order to fully understand the deaf construction of equality found in the source text, a detailed analysis of the signed source text is presented, looking at rhetorical constructions, indexing and labelling. When examining the interpreted (target) text, possible motivations for shifts in meaning, rooted in the interpreter’s own ideologies of equality and inclusivity, are explored. The study reveals how interpreters’ personal and cultural values may influence their linguistic choices and ultimately change the potential impact of a delivered message to an audience. Intralingual and Interlingual Subtitling: A Discussion of the Mode and Medium in Film Translation, pp 115-141Svenja Wurm ( Heriot-Watt University , UK )Next to interpreting and ‘translation proper’, there is another discipline relevant to the Deaf community that benefits from translation theories: subtitling. No matter whether the subtitles have to be transferred into another language for a foreign audience or whether they remain within the same language, particularly for a d/Deaf audience, the subtitler needs to make informed choices dealing with the problem of transferring the spoken dialogue of the source film into the written mode of subtitles. Whereas spoken dialogue allows people to reveal their character and identity through their language, most apparently within dialect and register, writing is mainly used as a standardized, polished mode of communication where the revelation of any personal characteristics is reduced. How do filmmakers effectively use spoken language and the audio channel in general to give identity to their films’ characters and how might this be represented in the written subtitles? Using a Hallidayan functional linguistic framework, this article presents a comparative analysis of the English-German interlingual and the English intralingual subtitles of recent DVD versions of two seminal feature films, Stanley Kubrick’s futuristic socio-critical film A Clockwork Orange and Woody Allen’s comedic drama Manhattan. WASLI – Past Present Future, pp 143-156Zane Hema (World Association of Sign Language Interpreters)The World Association of Sign Language Interpreters (WASLI) was formally established on 23 July 2003 in Montreal , Canada , during the 14th World Congress of the World Federation of the Deaf. It would take a further two years, however, before WASLI would hold its Inaugural Conference. This event was significant for many reasons; it took place in South Africa; it brought together over 200 sign language interpreters from over 40 different countries from all corners of the world; it saw the culmination of years of preparation and ground work that would see the Association agree a vision, formalize the Governing Document and set in place the structures and procedures by which it would function. Part one of this paper provides a description of how WASLI came into being, identifying significant events and individuals that played a key role in the development of the World Association. Part two provides a context in which the objectives of the World Association are clarified so the reader can begin to understand the role of WASLI as a global organization. Part three is a ‘global glimpse’ of the sign language interpreting profession and part four concludes with an account of what lies ahead for WASLI.Book Reviews (Review Editor: Jemina Napier, Macquarie University, Australia)Basil Hatim and Jeremy Munday: Translation: An Advanced Resource Book (Jeffrey Davis, USA)Marc Marschark, Rico Peterson and Elizabeth A. Winston (eds): Sign Language Interpreting and Interpreter Education: Directions for Research and Practice (Frank Harrington, UK )Frank Harrington and Graham H. Turner (eds): Interpreting Interpreting: Studies & Reflections on Sign Language Interpreting (Holly Mikkelson, USA )<div>Lynne Long (ed.): Translation and Religion – Holy Untranslatable? (Lorraine Leeson, Ireland)</div>

**ahmed_allaithy** · 03-18-2007, 04:59 AM

The Sign Language Translator and Interpreter

Th e Translator, Volume 13(1), 2007<div align="center"><a href="http://www.stjerome.co.uk/page.php?id=482&doctype=The%20Translator&s ection=1" target="_blank" rel="nofollow">http://www.stjerome.co.uk/page.php?id=482&doctype=The%20Translator&s ection=1</a></div><div align="left"></div><div align="left"></div>Appraising Dubbed Conversation: Systemic Functional Insights into the Construal of Naturalness in Translated Film Dialogue, pp 1-38Luis Pérez-González ( University of Manchester , UK ) The ‘authenticity’ of fictional dialogue is widely held to play a pivotal role in shaping the audience’s perception of the quality of a film. Yet the factors that account for the authenticity of both original and dubbed film conversation remain largely under-researched. This paper begins by outlining key contributions from the fields of stylistics, film studies and corpus-based translation studies that have enhanced our understanding of the specific nature and dynamics of fictional dialogue and its translation. A common assumption that underpins these approaches is that the success of the narrative and characterization-enhancing resources deployed in a film is contingent on the build-up of interpersonal alignments through a combination of prefabricated orality and spontaneous-sounding conversation. And yet both film theory and dubbing studies have so far focused on phenomena that take place within a single turn-at-talk and hence neglected the study of the sequential dimension of film dialogue. Drawing on the analysis of four scenes of the English and Spanish versions of Twelve Angry Men (Sidney Lumet, 1957), this article attempts to demonstrate the advantages of Martin’s (2000a) systemic functional modelling of the exchange, especially his notion of ‘telos’. Ultimately, this paper assesses the advantages of a heightened awareness of the sequential configuration of dialogue among dubbing practitioners.Institutional Patronage: The Religious Tract Society and the Translation of Christian Tracts in Nineteenth-Century China, pp 39-61John T. P. Lai (Hong Kong Baptist University)This paper attempts to scrutinize a lesser-known, yet hugely influential, Protestant institution – the Religious Tract Society, London (RTS, founded in 1799) – which played a predominant role in sponsoring the global enterprise of translating Christian tracts in the19th and early 20th centuries. The RTS introduced, if not imposed, its principles and identity on the publication of Chinese tracts by offering grants to the China missions. As long as they were issued under RTS patronage, all Chinese tracts had to fall in line with its dominant ideology – to be both interdenominational and evangelical in character. The paper investigates the role of institutional patronage in the translation of Christian tracts into Chinese, especially the policies of tract societies that came into play in terms of text selection and ideological censorship. Also explored in depth are the issues surrounding the transplantation of RTS ideology onto Chinese soil, and institution-individual power relations in the process of cross-cultural translation activity.Assessing Medical Interpreters: The Language and Interpreting Testing Project, pp 63-82Claudia V. Angelelli ( San Diego State University , USA )Th e e nd of th e 20th c e nt u r y a nd th e b e ginning of th e 21 s t w itn e s s e d i m po r t a nt ch a ng e s th a t h a v e a ff e ct e d h e a lthc a r e d e l iv e r y to p a ti e nt s w ith li m it e d p r ofici e ncy in Engli s h in th e Unit e d St a t e s , r e s u lting in a n inc r e a s ing n e e d fo r p r of e s s ion a l int e r p r e t e r s . Thi s n e e d c a nnot b e m e t by th e li m it e d n u m b e r of a v a il a bl e p r of e s s ion a l m e dic a l int e r p r e t e r s , a nd biling u a l individ u a l s vol u nt e e r ing to h e l p o r r e c e iving on-th e -job t r a ining con s e q u e ntly h a v e to b e a s s e s s e d on both l a ng u a g e a nd int e r p r e ting a biliti e s . Thi s p a p e r r e po r t s on th e d e s ign of a n in s t r u m e nt of a s s e s s m e nt u s e d to m e a s u r e th e s kill s of m e dic a l int e r p r e t e r s . A u th e ntic m e dic a l e xch a ng e s w ith Sp a ni s h, C a nton e s e a nd H m ong- s p e a king p a ti e nt s w e r e coll e ct e d a nd a n a lyz e d to id e ntify th e b a s ic ling u i s tic a nd int e r p r e ting s kill s co m m only u s e d in int e r p r e t e r - m e di a t e d e nco u nt e r s w ithin h e a lthc a r e s e tting s . Th e s e co m m u nic a tiv e e v e nt s w e r e u s e d a s th e b a s i s fo r c r e a ting s c r ipt s th a t fo r m th e co r e of a s e t of t e s t s fo r a n int e r p r e t e r t r a ining p r og r a m m e . In o r d e r to v a lid a t e th e s c e n a r io s a nd a d a pt a tion s int r od u c e d by n a tiv e info r m a nt s p a r ticip a ting in th e s t u dy, th e s c r ipt s w e r e p r e s e nt e d to foc u s g r o u p s fo r m e d by co m m u nity m e m b e r s , int e r p r e t e r s a nd h e a lthc a r e p r ovid e r s fo r e a ch e thnic g r o u p. E a ch s c r ipt w a s vid e o r e co r d e d a nd fi e l d t e s t e d a nd i s no w pilot e d a t fiv e s it e s in C a lifo r ni a a nd t e n oth e r s it e s in th e US . Th e a r ticl e i s r e l e v a nt fo r int e r p r e t e r e d u c a to r s , m e dic a l int e r p r e t e r s a nd ho s pit a l a d m ini s t r a to r s int e r e s t e d in u s ing t e s t s to id e ntify a nd d e v e l op s p e ci a l a biliti e s of biling u a l s p e a k e r s in th e m e dic a l s e tting.Lilies or Skelfs: Translating Queer Melodrama, pp 83-103David Kinloch ( University of Strathclyde , Scotland )Michel Marc Bouchard’s important Québécois play, Les Feluettes, is often read as ‘gay theatre’ and consigned to the genre of tragedy. This paper presents a comparative reading of two translations of this play – one into Canadian English and one into Scots – and shows how the Scots version in particular suggests that Bouchard’s play is rather an essay in ‘queer’ melodrama expressive of an anti-essentialist aesthetic. The paper thus highlights the benefits of the ‘minority’ translation activity of the late Bill Findlay and Martin Bowman, whose work in Scots has deepened the interpretative and performative afterlife of many recent Canadian theatrical texts, most notably those of Québécois dramatist Michel Tremblay.Revisiting the ClassicsModern Thoughts on Language and Ideology (Cecilia Wadensjö, Linköping Univ e r s ity , Sweden)Book ReviewsTon Ho e n s e l a a r s ( e d.): Shakespeare and the Language of Translation (Dror Abend-David, North Cyprus)Emily Apter: The Translation Zone: A New Comparative Literature (Helena Miguélez-Carballeira, Wales , UK )Gunilla Anderman: Europe on Stage – Translation and Theatre (Katja Krebs, Wales , UK )Clive Scott: Translating Rimbaud’s Illuminations ( Siobhan Brownlie , UK )Áng e l e s Carreres: Cruzando límites: la retórica de la traducción en Jacques Derrida ( Nuria Brufau-Alvira , Spain

**ahmed_allaithy** · 03-27-2007, 04:17 AM

References

<h3 style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 0cm; line-height: normal; text-align: center" align="center">Revising and Editing for Translators </h3>Second Edition<h2 style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: center" align="center">Brian Mossop</h2><div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: center" align="center"></div><div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: center" align="center">ISBN 13:978-1-900650-96-0</div><div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: center" align="center"></div><div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: center" align="center"><a href="http://www.stjerome.co.uk/page.php?id=483&doctype=Translation%20Practice s%20Explained&section=3" target="_blank" rel="nofollow">http://www.stjerome.co.uk/page.php?id=483&doctype=Translation%20Practice s%20Explained&section=3</a></div><div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: center" align="center"></div><div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: center" align="center"><h3 style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 0cm; text-align: center" align="center">Translation Practices Explained</h3><h2 style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: normal; text-align: center" align="center">Series Editor: Dorothy Kelly</h2>ISSN 1470-966X</div>Revising and Editing for Translators provides guidance and learning materials for translation students learning to edit texts written by others, and professional translators wishing to improve their self-revision ability or learn to revise the work of others. Editing is understood as making corrections and improvements to texts, with particular attention to tailoring them to the given readership. Revising is this same task applied to draft translations. The linguistic work of editors and revisers is related to the professional situations in which they work.Mossop offers in-depth coverage of a wide range of topics, including copyediting, style editing, structural editing, checking for consistency, revising procedures and principles, and translation quality assessment. This second edition provides extended coverage of computer aids for revisers, and of the different degrees of revision suited to different texts. The inclusion of suggested activities and exercises, numerous real-world examples, a proposed grading scheme for editing assignments, and a reference glossary make this an indispensable coursebook for professional translation programmes.<div>Brian Mossop has been a French-to-English translator, reviser and trainer at the Canadian Government’s Translation Bureau since 1974. Since 1979, he has also been teaching revision, scientific translation, translation theory and translation into the second language at the York University School of Translation.</div><div></div><div></div><div>Contents</div><div></div><div><h1 style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt">Acknowledgements</h1><h1 style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt"></h1><h1 style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt">Introduction for Users </h1> Introduction for Instructors 1. Why Editing and Revising are Necessary 1.1 The difficulty of writing 1.2 Enforcing rules 1.3 Balancing interests1.4 Quality1.5 Limits to editing and revisingSummaryFurther reading <h1 style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt">2. The Work of an Editor </h1> 2.1 Tasks of editors 2.2 Editing, rewriting and adapting 2.3 Mental editing during translation 2.4 Degrees of editing and editing procedure Further reading <h1 style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt">3. Copyediting</h1> 3.1 Rules 3.2 House style 3.3 Spelling and typographical errors 3.4 Syntax and idiom 3.5 Punctuation 3.6 Usage Exercises in copyediting Further reading 4. Stylistic Editing 4.1 Tailoring language to readers 4.2 Smoothing 4.3 Readability versus clarity 4.4 Stylistic editing during translation Exercises Further reading 5. Structural Editing 5.1 Physical structure of a text 5.2 Problems with prose 5.3 Problems with headings 5.4 Structural editing during translation Exercise Further reading 6. Content Editing 6.1 Macro-scale content editing 6.2 Factual errors 6.3 Logical errors 6.4 Mathematical errors 6.5 Content editing during translation 6.6 Content editing after translation Discussion and Exercise 7. Checking for Consistency 7.1 Degrees of consistency 7.2 Pre-arranging consistency 7.3 Over-consistency Discussion and exercises 8. Computer Aids to Checking 8.1 Google to the rescue? 8.2 Work on the screen or on paper? 8.3 Editing functions of word processors Further reading 9. The Work of a Reviser 9.1 The revision function in translating organizations 9.2 Revision, quality control, checking and re-reading 9.3 The brief 9.4 Balancing the interests of authors, clients, readers and translators 9.5 Time and quality 9.6 Revision of machine translation 9.7 Revision and self-revision 9.8 Quality assessment 9.9 Quality assurance 9.10 Quality-checking by clients 9.11 Revision and editing 9.12 Revision and specialization 9.13 The quality of revision Discussion Further reading 10. The Revision Parameters 10.1 Accuracy 10.2 Completeness 10.3 Logic 10.4 Facts 10.5 Smoothness 10.6 Tailoring 10.7 Sub-language 10.8 Idiom 10.9 Mechanics 10.10 Layout 10.11 Typography 10.12 Organization Further reading 11. Degrees of Revision 11.1 Determining the degree of revision 11.2 Some consequences of less-than-full revision 11.3 The relative importance of Transfer and Language parameters Discussion and exercise Further reading 12. Revision Procedures 12.1 Procedures for finding problems 12.2. Principles for correcting 12.3 Sample order of operations 12.4 Handling unsolved problems 12.5 Inputting changes 12.6 Checking presentation 12.7 Preventing strategic errors 12.8 Avoiding duplication of effort 12.9 Procedures, time-saving and quality Discussion and exercise Further reading 13. Self-Revision 13.1 Integration of self-revision into translation production 13.2 Self-diagnosis Discussion and exercise14. Revising the Work of Others 14.1 Relations with revisees 14.2 Diagnosis 14.3 Advice Exercises Further reading Appendix 1. Summary of Revision PrinciplesAppendix 2. Quality Assessment Appendix 3. Quantitative Grading Scheme for Editing Assignments Appendix 4. Sample Unilingual Re-reading Appendix 5. Revising and Editing Vocabulary Appendix 6. Empirical Research on Revision ReferencesIndex</div>

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