مراجع في الترجمة 2_Translation References

**ahmed_allaithy** · 10-04-2007, 01:03 PM

Medical Translation Step by step

Medical Translation Step by stepLearning by Drafting<h2 style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt" align="center">Vic e nt Mont a lt a nd M a r ¨ª a Gonz¨¢l e z D a vi e s</h2>ISBN 1-900650-83-5<a href="http://www.stjerome.co.uk/page.php?id=222&doctype=Translation%20Practice s%20Explained&section=3" target="_blank" rel="nofollow">http://www.stjerome.co.uk/page.php?id=222&doctype=Translation%20Practice s%20Explained&section=3</a>Volume 9. Translation Practices ExplainedSeries Editor: Dorothy Kelly<h2 style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: normal" align="center">ISSN 1470-966X</h2>Statistics on the translation market consistently identify medicine as a major thematic area as far as volume of translation is concerned. Vicent Montalt and Mar¨ªa Gonz¨¢lez Davies, both experienced translator trainers at Spanish universities, explain the basics of medical translation and ways of teaching and learning how to translate medical texts. Medical Translation Step by Step provides a pedagogical approach to medical translation based on learner and learning-centred teaching tasks, revolving around interaction: pair and group work to carry out the tasks and exercises to practice the points covered. These include work on declarative and operative knowledge of both translation and medical texts and favour an approach that takes into account both the process and product of translations. Starting from a broad communication framework, the book follows a top-down approach to medical translation: communication ¡ú genres ¡ú texts ¡ú terms and other units of specialized knowledge. It is positively focused in that it does not insist on error analysis, but rather on ways of writing good translations and empowering both students and teachers. The text can be used as a course book for students in face-to-face learning, but also in distance and mixed learning situations. It will also be useful for teachers a s a r e so u r c e book, o r a co r e book to b e co m pl e m e nt e d w ith oth e r m a t e r i a ls. Vicent Montalt teaches medical, scientific and technical translation at the Universitat Jaume I, Spain and is director of the Master in Medical Translation, and of the research team Tradmed <http://www.tradmed.uji.es>, both at the same University. He is author of Manual de traduccio cientificot¨¨cnica (2005), a book on scientific and technical translation published in Catalan.Maria Gonz¨¢lez Davies lectures at the Modern Languages Department at the University Ramon Llull in Barcelona. She is author of Multiple Voices in the Translation Classroom: Activities, Tasks and Projects (2005) and editor of Secuencias: Tareas para el Aprendizaje Interactivo de la Traducci¨®n (2003) and Acortar Distancias: Las TIC en la clase de Traducci¨®n y de Lenguas Extranjeras (2007). <div>Contents</div><div></div><div>Acknowledgements How to use this book: underlying principles Contents and structure Translator training in a learner-centred environment 1. Introduction to professional practice Overview of chapter 1.1 Historical overview of medical translation 1.2 The specifics of medical translation 1.3 Steps in the translation process 1.4 Approaching the market 1.5 Socializing with peers 1.6 Becoming a medical translator: specific competencies 1.7 Further tasks 1.8 Further reading 2. Understanding medical communicationOverview of chapter 2.1 The dynamic and varied nature of medical communication 2.2 Participants in medical communication and their communicative purposes 2.3 Relationships among texts in written communication 2.4 Articulating written communication through genres 2.5 Some common medical genres 2.6 Further tasks 2.7 Further reading 3. Understanding the content of the source textOverview of chapter 3.1 How we understand texts 3.2 Background medical knowledge 3.3 Developing text comprehension strategies 3.4 Further tasks 3.5 Further reading 4. Drafting the target text Overview of chapter 4.1 Before starting to write 4.2 A drafting methodology 4.3 Composing the target text 4.4 Crafting the target text 4.5 Improving the draft 4.6 Genre shift: Drafting heterofunctional translations 4.7 Drafting research papers in English 4.8 Further tasks 4.9 Further reading5. Detecting and solving translation problemsOverview of chapter 5.1 Describing problems, strategies, procedures and solutions 5.2 Degrees of fidelity in translation 5.3 Improving reading skills: spotting ambiguity 5.4 Translating metaphors 5.5 Transferring cultural references 5.6 Transference skills: Written Protocols (WP) 5.7 Facing problems in the production stage: writing 5.8 Further tasks 5.9 Further reading 6. Using resources to solve problems Overview of chapter 6.1 Organizing yourself 6.2 Starting up your own medical translation library 6.3 Searching the web 6.4 Using parallel texts 6.5 Collaboration of subject matter experts and other translators 6.6 Further tasks 6.7 Further reading 7. Dealing with terms and other units of specialized knowledgeOverview of chapter 7.1 Terminologizing medical knowledge 7.2 Greek and Latin basis of medical terms 7.3 'In vitro' terminology: standardization 7.4 'In vivo' terminology: variation 7.5 De-terminologizing the text 7.6 Further tasks 7.7 Further reading Appendix 1. Translation problems: strategies, procedures and solutions Appendix 2. Latin and Greek roots of medical terminology References Index</div>

**ahmed_allaithy** · 10-20-2007, 03:17 PM

Cultural Encounters in Translated Children's Literature

<div align="center">Cultural Encounters in Translated Children's Literature</div><div align="center"></div><div align="center">Images of Australia in French Translation</div><div align="center"></div><div align="center">Helen T. Frank</div><div align="center"></div><div align="center"></div><div align="center">ISBN 978-1905763-0-30</div><div align="center"></div><div align="center"><a href="http://www.stjerome.co.uk/page.php?id=501&doctype=StJBooks&section=1 " target="_blank" rel="nofollow">http://www.stjerome.co.uk/page.php?id=501&doctype=StJBooks&section=1 </a></div>Cultural Encounters in Translated Children's Literature offers a detailed and innovative model of analysis for examining the complexities of translating children's literature and sheds light on the interpretive choices at work in moving texts from one culture to another. The core of the study addresses the issue of how images of a nation, locale or country are constructed in translated children's literature, with the translation of Australian children's fiction into French serving as a case study. Issues examined include the selection of books for translation, the relationship between children's books and the national and international publishing industry, the packaging of translations and the importance of titles, blurbs and covers, the linguistic and stylistic features specific to translating for children, intertextual references, the function of the translation in the target culture, didactic and pedagogical aims, euphemistic language and explicitation, and literariness in translated texts. The findings of the case study suggest that the most common constructs of Australia in French translations reveal a preponderance of traditional Eurocentric signifiers that identify Australia with the outback, the antipodes, the exotic, the wild, the unknown, the void, the end of the world, the young and innocent nation, and the Far West. Contemporary signifiers that construct Australia as urban, multicultural, Aboriginal, worldly and inharmonious are seriously under-represented. The study also shows that French translations are conventional, conservative and didactic, showing preference for an exotic rather than local specificity, with systematic manipulation of Australian referents betraying a perception of Australia as antipodean rural exoticism. The significance of the study lies in underscoring the manner in which a given culture is constructed in another cultural milieu, especially through translated children's literature. <div></div><div>Contents</div><div></div><div>AcknowledgementsList of TablesList of IllustrationsIntroduction Chapter 1. Translation as Mediation between Cultures Translation and Notions of Faithfulness, Equivalence and Ethics Translation Theory and Children's Literature Normative Constraints and Normalizing the Text The Socializing Function of Children's Literature Chapter 2. Australian Children's Literature and International Trends Australian Children's Literature The Book Market and International Trends Best-selling Authors of Fiction Worldwide Australian Children's Literature in Translation Chapter 3. French Selections of Australian Children's Fiction The Corpus French Selections Most Popular Authors in French Translation Authors and Categories The Australian Literary Canon of Children's Books Unselected Australian Authors and Titles Australia and Australianness in French Selections Images and Motifs Multicultural and Aboriginal Australia Adventure: The Military, Navigation, Natural Disasters Humour and National Identity 'Safe' Themes French Publishers, Translators and Illustrators French Translators French Illustrators The Final Itinerary Chapter 4. Marketing Australian Books in France Paratexts and Cultural Translation Translating Titles Australianness, Local Specificity and the Exotic Generic Prioritization in Titles Translating Blurbs and Covers Children's Fiction Adult Fiction Constructs, Models and Cultural Borrowings Chapter 5. Translating Australia and Australianness Australian Landscape and Flora Australian Fauna Australian Food People, Folklore and Australian Terms Chapter 6. Translation, Literariness and the 'Readerly' Mistakes and Mistranslations Explicitation Stylistic Difference Sequencing in the Narrative Euphemistic Language and Purification Chapter 7. Translation and Literariness: The 'Writerly' The Poetic Function of the Text Conclusion APPENDIX 1: Twentieth Century Australian Children's Fiction in French Translation APPENDIX 2. French Translations of Australian Children's Fiction per Decade APPENDIX 3. French Publishers, Translated Australian Authors and Titles Bibliography Index </div>

**ahmed_allaithy** · 11-08-2007, 07:07 AM

Translation and Ideology, Encounters and Clashes

<div align="center">Translation and Ideology</div><div align="center">Encounters and Clashes</div><div align="center"></div><div align="center">The Translator, Volume 13, Number 2, 2007</div><div align="center"></div><div align="center">Guest-edited by Sonia Cunico and Jeremy Munday</div><div align="center"></div><div align="center"><a href="http://www.stjerome.co.uk/page.php?id=504&doctype=StJBooks&section=1 &msg=&finds=0&string" target="_blank" rel="nofollow">http://www.stjerome.co.uk/page.php?id=504&doctype=StJBooks&section=1 &msg=&finds=0&string</a>=</div><div align="left"></div><div align="left">Ideology has become increasingly central to work in translation studies. To date, however, most studies have focused on literary and religious texts, thus limiting wider understanding of how ideological clashes and encounters pervade any context where power inequalities are present. This special edition of The Translator deliberately focuses on ideology in the translation of a rich variety of lesser-studied genres, namely academic writing, cultural journals, legal and scientific texts, political interviews, advertisements, language policy and European Parliament discourse, in all of which translation as a social practice can be seen to shape, maintain and at times also resist and challenge the asymmetrical nature of exchanges between parties engaged in or subjected to hegemonic practices. The volume opens with two ground-breaking papers that investigate the nature and representation of truth and knowledge in the translation of the sciences, followed by two contributions which approach the issue of shifts in the translation of ideology from the standpoint of critical linguistics and critical discourse analysis, using data from political speeches and interviews and from English and Korean versions of Newsweek. Other contributions discuss the role that translation scholars can play in raising public awareness of the manipulative devices used in advertising; the way in which potentially competing institutional and individual ideologies are negotiated in the context of interpreting in the European Union; the role translation plays in shaping the politics of a multilingual nation state, with reference to Belgium; and the extent to which the concepts of norms and polysystems may be productive in investigating the link between translation and ideology, with reference to Chinese data. Contents Epistemicide! The Tale of a Predatory Discourse, pp. 151-169 Karen Bennett ( University of Lisbon, Portugal)English academic discourse, which emerged in the 17th century as a vehicle for the new rationalist/scientific paradigm, was initially a vehicle of liberation from the stifling feudal mindset. Spreading from the hard sciences to the social sciences and on to the humanities, it gradually became the prestige discourse of the Anglophone world, due no doubt to its associations with the power structures of modernity (technology, industry and capitalism); today, mastery of it is essential for anyone wishing to play a role on the international stage. The worldview that this discourse encodes is essentially positivist; it privileges the referential function of language at the expense of the interpersonal or textual and crystallizes the dynamic flux of experience into static, observable blocs, rendering the universe passive, inert and devoid of meaning. Despite its obvious limitations for dealing with a decentred, multi-faceted, post-modern reality, its hegemonic status in the world today is such that other knowledges are rendered invisible or are swallowed up in a process of ‘epistemicide’. This paper examines this process from the point of view of the translator, one of the primary gatekeepers of western academic culture. Drawing on surveys carried out in 2002 of Portuguese academics working in the humanities, it attempts to discover just what happens to the very different worldview encoded in traditional Portuguese academic discourse during the process of translation, and goes on to discuss the political and social consequences of the ideological imperialism manifest in editorial decisions about what counts as ‘knowledge’ in today’s world.The Truth about Sexual Difference: Scientific Discourse and Cultural Transfer, pp. 171-194 Dolores Sánchez (University of Granada, Spain)The goal of this study is to illustrate the relevance of an analysis of translation to the public communication of science from a gender perspective, with gender understood as a primary way of signifying power relationships between men and women. The article first offers an outline of a theoretical framework that allows us to approach the discourse of the public communication of science and the discourse of its translation as the outcome of activities involved in the production of scientific knowledge and as a crucial point in the interface between science and society. Translation constitutes an important factor in this context due to the globalized character of certain discursive practices. Discourses on the human body are understood here as constituting an important element in the ideological definitions of man and woman, and this study therefore interrogates a discursive mini-corpus on the question of sexual determination produced in the early years of this millennium. The author attempts to demonstrate how – by means of reworking and reincorporating textual material in discursive macrostructures that go beyond the relation between source and target text – translations are permeable to opposed ideological positions and are dependent on the context in which the translated discourses emerge.Translation and Ideology: A Textual Approach, pp. 195-217Jeremy Munday (University of Leeds, UK)This article investigates essential questions regarding ideology and language from a translation studies perspective. Adopting a broad-based approach, it examines what is meant by ‘ideology’ and how it is treated in translation studies, where it has primarily been linked to manipulation and power relations. However, this article focuses on the ideology of the individual translator. Following Simpson and Van Dijk, it considers ideology to be constructed from the knowledge, beliefs and value systems of the individual (in our case, the translator) and the society in which he or she operates. The main interest is in how ideology in its many facets is conveyed and presented textually in translation and how analysis drawn from within monolingual traditions (such as critical discourse analysis and the tools of systemic-functional analysis) may not always be the most appropriate to detect and classify the shifts that take place. Examples are analyzed of translations of speeches and other political writings and interviews with revolutionary leaders in Latin America (Castro, Marcos, Chávez).Recontextualization of News Discourse: A Case Study of Translation of News Discourse on North Korea, pp. 219-242Ji-Hae Kang (Ajou University, Suwon, Republic of Korea)This paper explores the translation of news discourse in terms of the way in which recontextualization of discourse across the boundaries of language, culture and institutions results in the transformation, as well as transfer, of information. Based on a comparative analysis of news stories on North Korea published in Newsweek and Newsweek Hankuk Pan (Korean edition), the study examines how North Korea is (re)constructed in translation. The primary focus is on the translating context and the producers of translated news stories as they engage in an institutional routine to re-situate the source text (discourse on North Korea by Newsweek journalists), which is anchored in a specific discourse context (the context of a Newsweek story being written and published for original Newsweek readers), into the translating situation (the context of producing a translated story at Newsweek Hankuk Pan) for a new context of use (the context of reception by South Korean readers of Newsweek Hankuk Pan). As the producers of translated news at Newsweek Hankuk Pan link the two situations, elements of the prior discourse as manifested in the source text are lifted from the original setting, re-perspectivized, differently foregrounded, silenced, elaborated on or blended with other voices. The findings suggest that contrary to the lay perception of translated news as a complete and accurate representation of the intention and meaning of the source text writer, news translation as recontextualization practice is a complex site of institutional goals and procedures, coupled with tension and conflict among different representations, ideologies and voices.Translators and Translation Studies: Scholars as Inoculators of Resistance, pp. 243-269María Calzada Pérez (University Jaume I, Castellón de la Plana, Spain)The present article examines the role of translation studies in mediating the hegemonic ideology of the New Consumerism, of which advertising is a pivotal mouthpiece. The TS-inspired perspective proposed here draws on green activism, psychology and race and feminist studies, and makes particular use of semiotics as a tool of analysis. The critical method adopted throughout consists of a series of three inoculations (Sagarin et al. 2002) of increased complexity, which seek to raise awareness, principally among translation scholars themselves, with respect to their potential role in exposing and contesting some of the ethically negative aspects of advertising today. Stage one of inoculation draws on a basic understanding of Saussure’s approach to the sign; stage two complements the previous inoculation with Barthian concepts of denotation and connotation; stage three focuses on intertextuality’s systemic, social and subjective nuances. It is argued here that resisting the New Consumerism will benefit from the input of translation scholars. Proposals for engaging with a TS propramme of resistance bring to the fore textual meanings and meaning potentials that we, as consumers, cannot afford to ignore. It is further argued that translation studies will also benefit from participating in this programme of resistance.Interpreted Ideologies in Institutional Discourse: The Case of the European Parliament, pp. 271-296Morven Beaton (University of Manchester, UK)This article investigates the impact of simultaneous interpretation on ideology in the European Parliament, drawing on a larger empirical study (Beaton, in progress). The traditional Marxist definition of ideology is first rejected before a broader definition of ideology as ‘common sense’ is employed. The concepts of hegemony and axiology are then introduced to account for the struggle between the dominant institutional ideology and subjective interpreter beliefs and ethics. Comparative data analysis of German source texts and English target texts from European Parliament plenary sessions focuses on lexical repetition of key terms and hegemonic conceptual metaphor strings. The findings suggest that EU institutional hegemony is strengthened by simultaneous interpreters, primarily through extensive use of conceptual metaphor strings in the interpretation. In addition, contrary to conduit views of communication, this study provides evidence of interpreter mediation and agency and demonstrates that the simultaneous interpreter is an additional subjective actor in heteroglot communication. “La Belgique vivra-t-elle?”: Language and Translation Ideological Debates in Belgium (1919-1940), pp. 297-319Reine Meylaerts (Catholic University, Leuven, Belgium)Although there are numerous studies on language ideologies, the role of translation in the historical production and reproduction of language ideologies remains relatively undocumented at present. Translation studies, by contrast, does address issues of ideology and power but only seldom in relation to language policy in multilingual societies. Translation, however, is an inherent part of linguistic ideological battles, and the historiography of translation policy and strategy (both at the macro- and micro-levels) significantly contributes to our understanding of language policy, as well as language ideology, and their link with nation, race, class, etc. In this study, the Belgian case is used to illustrate the role of translation in the production and reproduction of language ideologies in a multilingual context. The paper provides a short historical overview of the role of translation in shaping institutional and discursive power mechanisms in Belgium and deals more extensively with the functions of translation strategies in the production and reproduction of language ideologies in politically sensitive documents in interwar Belgium (1919-1940).Norms, Polysystems and Ideology: A Case Study, pp. 321-339Yau Wai-ping (Chinese University of Hong Kong)This article assesses the strengths and weaknesses of the influential work of Itamar Even-Zohar and Gideon Toury in the light of the increasing attention given to the relation between translation and ideology since the ‘cultural turn’ in translation studies in the early 1990s. It is argued that we should reject universalist assumptions and focus instead on the social embedding of texts if the concepts of norms and polysystems developed by Even-Zohar and Toury are to be usefully applied to understanding translation in relation to ideology. The work of Even-Zohar and Toury is reread with reference to the writings of Mikhail Bakhtin, in order to identify the elements most useful and relevant to research on the relation between translation and ideology. Specifically, the article attempts to demonstrate how the concepts of norms and polysystems can be used to situate translations in their specific cultural and historical contexts, to set in relief the ideological issues involved, and to link up the macroscopic and microscopic levels of investigation. Rather than searching for laws of translation, the idea is to show how ‘adequacy’ and ‘acceptability’ can combine in a translation to offer a critique of the dominant ideology. To illustrate these points in more detail, a translation project launched in Hong Kong in the 1950s is used as a case study.Revisiting the Classics (pp. 341-364)Critical Linguistics, Language and Ideology (Ian Mason, Heriot Watt University, Scotland)Book Reviews (pp. 347-364)Lynne Long (ed.): Translation and Religion: Holy Untranslatable? (Francis Jones, UK) Sandra Bermann and Michael Wood (eds): Nation, Language and the Ethics of Translation (Rosemary Arrojo and Ben Van Wyke, USA) Michael Cronin: Translation and Identity (Vanessa Leonardi, Italy) Eva Hung (ed.): Translation and Cultural Exchange: Studies in History, Norms, and Image-projection (Chu Chi Yu, Hong Kong)</div>

**ahmed_allaithy** · 11-30-2007, 09:56 AM

Audiovisual Translation: Subtitling

<h1 class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: center" align="center">Audiovisual Translation: Subtitling</h1><h1 class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: center" align="center"></h1><h1 class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: center" align="center">Jorge Díaz Cintas & Aline Remael</h1><h1 class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: center" align="center"> <h3 style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 0cm; text-align: center" align="center">Vol ume 11. Translation Practices Explained</h3><h2 style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: normal; text-align: center" align="center">Series Editor: Dorothy Kelly</h2></h1><h1 class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: center" align="center"></h1><h1 class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: center" align="center">ISBN 978-1900650-95-3 / 1-900650-95-9 (pbk)</h1><h1 class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: center" align="center">ISSN 1470-966X (Translation Practices Explained)</h1><h1 class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: center" align="center"></h1><h1 align="center">£22.50 (inc. postage, packing and DVD)</h1><h1 align="center"><a href="http://www.stjerome.co.uk/page.php?id=508&doctype=Translation%20Practice s%20Explained&section=3" target="_blank" rel="nofollow">http://www.stjerome.co.uk/page.php?id=508&doctype=Translation%20Practice s%20Explained&section=3</a></h1><div align="center"></div><div align="center"></div><div align="left">Audiovisual Translation: Subtitling is an introductory textbook which provides a solid overview of the world of subtitling. Based on sound research and first-hand experience in the field, the book focuses on generally accepted practice but identifies current points of contention, takes regional and medium-bound variants into consideration, and traces new developments that may have an influence on the evolution of the profession. The individual chapters cover the rules of good subtitling practice, the linguistic and semiotic dimensions of subtitling, the professional environment, technical considerations, and key concepts and conventions, providing access to the core skills and knowledge needed to subtitle for television, cinema and DVD. Also included are graded exercises covering core skills. Audiovisual Translation: Subtitling can be used by teachers and students as a coursebook for the classroom or for self-learning. It is also aimed at translators and other language professionals wishing to expand their sphere of activity.Highlight: While the working language of the book is English, an accompanying DVD contains sample film material in Dutch, English, French, Italian and Spanish, as well as a range of dialogue lists and a key to some of the exercises. The DVD also includes WinCAPS (www.sysmedia.com), SysMedia’s professional subtitling preparation software package, used for broadcast television around the world and for many of the latest multinational DVD releases of major Hollywood projects.Jorge Díaz Cintas is Principal Lecturer in Translation and Spanish at Roehampton University , London . He is author of La traducción audiovisual: el subtitulado (2001) and Teoría y práctica de la subtitulación: inglés-español (2003), a member of the Transmedia research group, and President of the European Association for Studies in Screen Translation since 2002.Aline Remael is Lecturer of English, Translation Theory and Audiovisual Translation at the Hogeschool Antwerpen and the University of Antwerp , is involved in the subtitling of three annual film festivals at Antwerp and Brussels , and supervises research projects in intralingual subtitling and audio description. She is co-editor of Language and Beyond. Actuality and Virtuality in the Relations between Word, Image and Sound (1998), Chief Editor of the translation journal Linguistica Antverpiensia NS, and a member of the Transmedia research group.ContentsAcknowledgements The structure of Audiovisual Translation: Subtitling The book The DVDWinCAPS 1. Introduction to Subtitling 1.0 Preliminary discussion 1.1 Definition 1.2 Translation or adaptation? Audiovisual Translation (AVT) 1.3 Classification of subtitles1.3.1 Linguistic parameters 1.3.2 Time available for preparation 1.3.3 Technical parameters 1.3.4 Methods of projecting subtitles 1.3.5 Distribution format 1.4 Surtitles 1.5 Intertitles 1.6 Fansubs 1.7 Discussion points 2. The Professional Environment 2.0 Preliminary discussion 2.1 The subtitling process 2.2 The professionals 2.3 The working conditions 2.3.1 Clients and rates 2.3.2 Globalization 2.3.3 Deadlines 2.3.4 Subtitlers’ visibility and professional associations 2.3.5 Training 2.4 Discussion points 3. The Semiotics of Subtitling 3.0 Preliminary discussion 3.1 The film as text 3.1.1 The complexity of the filmic sign system 3.1.2 The semiotics of screenwriting and film dialogue 3.2 Subtitling and images 3.2.1 Semiotic cohesion 3.2.2 The multimodality of language 3.2.3 Camera movement and editing 3.2.4 A blessing in disguise 3.3 Subtitling, soundtrack, and text on screen 3.3.1 Subtitling’s vulnerability 3.3.2 Multilingual films 3.3.3 Text on screen 3.4 Change of medium 3.4.1 Speech to writing: a matter of compromise 3.5 Discussion points 3.6 Exercises 4. Technical Considerations 4.0 Preliminary discussion 4.1 Subtitling programs 4.2 Feet and frames 4.3 Dialogue lists 4.4 Style guides 4.5 Code of good subtitling practice 4.6 Spatial dimension 4.6.1 Maximum number of lines and position on the screen 4.6.2 Font type and number of characters per line 4.6.3 One-liners and two-liners 4.6.4 Centred and left-aligned 4.7 Temporal dimension 4.7.1 Spotting and duration of subtitles 4.7.2 Synchronization 4.7.3 Multiple voices 4.7.4 Shot changes 4.7.5 Delay function between subtitles 4.7.6 One or two lines? 4.7.7 Timecodes 4.7.8 Reading time 4.7.9 Six-second rule 4.7.10 DVD reading speed 4.8 Exercises 5. Punctuation and other Conventions 5.0 Preliminary discussion 5.1 In search of conventions 5.2 Punctuation conventions 5.2.1 Commas and semi-colons 5.2.2 Full stops 5.2.3 Colons 5.2.4 Parentheses and brackets 5.2.5 Exclamation marks and question marks 5.2.6 Dashes and hyphens 5.2.7 Triple dots 5.2.8 Asterisks 5.2.9 Slashes5.2.10 Other symbols 5.2.11 Capital letters 5.2.12 Quotation marks or inverted commas 5.3 Other conventions 5.3.1 Italics 5.3.1.1 Songs5.3.1.2 Letters and written documents 5.3.2 Colours 5.3.3 Abbreviations 5.3.4 Numbers 5.3.4.1 Cardinals5.3.4.2 Ordinals 5.3.4.3 Time 5.3.4.4 Measurements and weights5.4 A glimpse of the future? 5.5 Discussion points 5.6 Exercises 6. The Linguistics of Subtitling 6.0 Preliminary discussion 6.1 Subtitling: translation as rewriting 6.2 Text reduction 6.2.1 Condensation and reformulation 6.2.1.1 Condensation and reformulation at word level 6.2.1.2 Condensation and reformulation at clause/sentence level 6.2.2 Omissions 6.2.2.1 Omissions at word level6.2.2.2 Omissions at clause/sentence level 6.3 Linguistic cohesion and coherence in subtitling 6.4 Segmentation and line breaks 6.4.1 Line breaks within subtitles: syntactic-semantic considerations 6.4.2 Line breaks across subtitles: syntactic-semantic considerations 6.4.3 Rhetorical segmentation 6.5 Discussion points 6.6 Exercises 7. Translation Issues 7.0 Preliminary discussion 7.1 Linguistic variation 7.2 Denotative versus connotative meaning 7.3 The translation of marked speech 7.3.1 Style 7.3.2 Register 7.3.3 Dialects, sociolects, and idiolects 7.3.3.1 Grammar 7.3.3.2 Lexicon 7.3.3.3 Accents and pronunciation 7.3.4 Emotionally charged language: taboo words, swearwords, interjections 7.4 The translation of culture-bound terms 7.5 The translation of songs 7.5.1 Deciding what to translate 7.5.2 Deciding how to translate 7.6 The translation of humour 7.6.1 Pinning down humour 7.6.2 Subtitling humour 7.7 Ideological issues: whose voice and whose message 7.8 Discussion points 7.9 Exercises 8. Further Activities 8.1 WinCAPS activities 8.2 Extra scenes 9. A Glossary of Terms Used in Subtitling 10. References 10.1 Bibliography 10.2 Filmography 11. Index </div>

**ahmed_allaithy** · 12-05-2007, 07:05 AM

Enlarging Translation, Empowering Translators

Enlarging Translation, Empowering Translators Maria TymoczkoISBN 1-900650-66-5<a href="http://www.stjerome.co.uk/page.php?id=510&doctype=StJBooks&section=1 " target="_blank" rel="nofollow">http://www.stjerome.co.uk/page.php?id=510&doctype=StJBooks&section=1 </a>Beginning with the paradox that characterizes the history of translation studies in the last half century – that more and more parameters of translation have been defined, but less and less closure achieved – the first half of Enlarging Translation, Empowering Translators calls for radical inclusionary approaches to translation, including a greater internationalization of the field. The book investigates the implications of the expanding but open definition of translation, with a chapter on research methods charting future approaches to translation studies. In the second half of the book, these enlarged views of translation are linked to the empowerment and agency of the translator. Revamped ideological frameworks for translation, new paradigms for the translation of culture, and new ways of incorporating contemporary views of meaning into translation follow from the expanded conceptualization of translation, and they serve as a platform for empowering translators and promoting activist translation practices. Addressed to translation theorists, teachers, and practising translators alike, this latest contribution from one of the leading theorists in the field sets new directions for translation studies.Maria Tymoczko is Professor of Comparative Literature at the University of Massachusetts Amherst . Author of the prize-winning Translation in a Postcolonial Context (St. Jerome, 1999), she has written many articles on translation theory and practice and has lectured on these topics throughout the world. She is editor of the forthcoming Translation and Resistance and (with Edwin Gentzler) of Translation and Power (2002). For her translations from early Irish literature into English, published as Two Death Tales from the Ulster Cycle (Dolmen 1981), she received a translation fellowship from the National Endowment for the Humanities. With an international scholarly reputation in Celtic medieval literature and Irish studies, Professor Tymoczko also publishes on literary and cultural theory. Her broad scholarly interests, as well as her lifelong political involvements, inform the arguments in Enlarging Translation, Empowering Translators. ContentsAcknowledgments Introduction PART 1: ENLARGING TRANSLATION Chapter 1: A Postpositivist History of Translation studies 1.1 Initial Considerations: Beyond Positivism 1.2 Periodization and Translation Theory 1.3 Philosophical and Linguistic Approaches to Translation 1.4 Functionalist Approaches to Translation 1.5 Descriptive Translation Studies 1.6 The Cultural Turn in Translation Studies: The Power Turn, Postcolonial Translation Studies, Translation and Gender 1.7 Deconstruction and Poststructuralist Approaches to Translation 1.8 The Definitional Strand in the History of Translation Studies Chapter 2: Defining Translation 2.1 Varieties of Translation Types 2.2 Conceptualizations of Translation Worldwide2.3 Approaches to Defining Translation in Translation Studies2.4 Wittgenstein, Concept Formation, and the Definition of Translation as a Cluster Concept 2.5 Limitations of Viewing Translation as a Prototype Category 2.6 Conceptual Knowledge, Ethnocentrism, and Ethics Chapter 3: Framing Translation: representation, Transmission, Transculturation 3.1 Representation 3.2 Transmission and Transfer 3.3 Transculturation 3.4 Representation, Transmission, Transculturation, and Translation 3.5 Framing Translation: Theoretical Implications Chapter 4: Research Methods in Translation Studies 4.1 General Considerations about Research Methods 4.2 Classification in Translation Studies Research4.3 Principles of Validation in Translation Studies 4.4 Interdependence of Data and Theory in Translation Research 4.5 Experimentation in Translation Studies 4.6 Models in Translation Studies Research 4.7 Restructuring the Research System PART 2: EMPOWERING TRANSLATORS Chapter 5: Activism, Political Agency, and the Empowerment of Translators 5.1 Empowered Translators and the Translator’s Political Agency: Evidence from Postcolonial Translation Studies5.2 Modeling the Translator’s Agency: Moving Beyond Postcolonial Translation Studies 5.3 Power and the Agency of the Translator 5.4 Two Metaphors for Agency and Activism: Resistance and Engagement 5.5 Empowerment and Self-Reflexivity in Translation Studies Chapter 6: Cultural Translation and Empowerment 6.1 Theories of Cultural Translation 6.2 The Impact of Audience on Cultural Representation 6.3 A Holistic Approach to Translating Culture 6.4 Elements to Consider in Holistic Cultural Translation 6.5 Strategizing Cultural Translation 6.6 Cultural Translation, Ideology, and Self-Censorship 6.7 Cultural Translation and the Agency of the Translator Chapter 7: liberating Meaning, legitimating Translation 7.1 The Translator’s Decision-Making Process and the Construction of Meaning 7.2 Where Does Meaning Reside? 7.3 A Brief Excursus on the Nature of Meaning 7.4 Overdetermination and Underdetermination of Meaning in Translation 7.5 Beyond Meaning to Generativity Chapter 8: Enlargement, Empowerment, Ethics Works Cited Index

**ahmed_allaithy** · 03-30-2008, 04:23 AM

مراجع في الترجمة 2_Translation References

**ahmed_allaithy** · 04-25-2008, 10:29 AM

مراجع في الترجمة 2_Translation References

NOW AVAILABLE FROM <city w:st="on"><place w:st="on">ST. JEROME</place></city> Early Access to Online Subscribers: Hard Copy Available 30 April 2008 Note: <street w:st="on"><address w:st="on">ALL ST.</address></street> JEROME JOURNALS ARE NOW AVAILABLE ONLINE<a title="http://www.stjerome.co.uk/periodicals/index.php" href="http://www.stjerome.co.uk/periodicals/index.php" target="_blank">http://www.stjerome.co.uk/periodicals/index.php</a> The Sign Language Translator and Interpreter Volume 2, Number 1, 2008 <a href="http://www.stjerome.co.uk/periodicals/journal.php?j=154&v=577&i=578" target="_blank">http://www.stjerome.co.uk/periodicals/journal.php?j=154&v=577&i=578</a> ‘Quality’ in Interpreting: A Survey of Practitioner Perspectives, pp. 1-14Rachel Locker <city w:st="on">McKee</city>, <state w:st="on">Victoria</state> University of <city w:st="on">Wellington</city>, <country-region w:st="on"><place w:st="on">New Zealand</place></country-region> ‘Quality’ in interpreting is a contested concept that consumers, practitioners, employers and researchers may describe differently, according to the motives, needs and knowledge base they bring to interpreted interaction. Indicators of quality interpreting practice are codified by regulatory and professional interpreting bodies, while definitions of effectiveness and quality are continuously debated in the academic literature. It is superficially tempting to seek evidence of quality in empirical measures of equivalence between source and target language texts, or in adherence to codes of professional practice, but the reality of how ‘quality’ manifests itself and is experienced in actual interpreted communication is more multifaceted and subjective. This article reports on a survey of practitioner perspectives on quality undertaken for a panel contribution at the Critical Link 5 conference (2007). In order to provide comment on the question of practitioners’ responsibility for quality, the author surveyed spoken and signed language interpreters in <country-region w:st="on"><place w:st="on">New Zealand</place></country-region> about their definition of, and conditions for, quality in interpreting. Although the survey includes spoken language interpreters, the review of ideas about quality focuses on signed language interpreting literature. Subtitling for Deaf Children on British Television, pp. 15-34<city w:st="on">Soledad</city> Zárate, <placename w:st="on">Imperial</placename> <placetype w:st="on">College</placetype> <city w:st="on"><place w:st="on">London</place></city> This paper discusses the practice of subtitling children’s programmes on British television. Nine cartoons from five different British channels have been considered for the study. Two subtitled episodes of each have been recorded and the following factors carefully examined: segmentation, degree of editing, reading speed, typographical cues, and use of non-standard language. The work takes into consideration the extensive research that has been carried out on the reading characteristics of deaf children within the field of Deaf Studies as well as the limited research that has been conducted within the Audiovisual Translation (AVT) field with a focus on subtitling for deaf people. Taking into account previous research data, a number of observations on the production of subtitles for deaf children are put forward. What Would We Read Best? Hypotheses and Suggestions for the Location of Line Breaks in Film Subtitles, pp. 35-63Elisa Perego, <place w:st="on"><city w:st="on">University of Trieste</city>, <country-region w:st="on">Italy</country-region></place> This study aims to shed light on the possible effects of line-breaks on film subtitle readability and usability, and offers theoretical evidence that, all other technical parameters for subtitling being equal, processing might be enhanced by careful segmentation of lines. Although the psycholinguistic literature shows that reading coherent groups of words at each fixation aids its linear progress, a careful segmentation of lines does not seem to be consistently provided in order to be helpful to the automated reading of film captions (i.e., intra-lingual or same language subtitles typically conceived for a deaf or hard-of-hearing audience) and subtitles (i.e., inter-lingual subtitles addressed to hearing people). Segmentation appears to give priority to geometric as opposed to linguistic considerations. This paper makes the claim that when phrases and clauses have to continue over a new line, segmentation should take place according to the principal rules of syntax. Only in this way can the cognitive process of reading the subtitles and watching the action proceed with the least effort. This is also likely to enable more users, including the deaf and hard-of-hearing, along with second language learners, to process film subtitles proficiently. Memory and Knowledge: What Day Is Today? Constructing Ways of Remembering Signed Language Interpreters’ Day in <country-region w:st="on"><place w:st="on">Brazil</place></country-region>, 65-79Ângela Russo, Federal University of <city w:st="on">Rio Grande</city> do <place w:st="on"><city w:st="on">Sul</city>, <country-region w:st="on">Brazil</country-region></place> This study analyzes the meaning effects of the discourse of Brazilian signed language interpreters who participate in a virtual discussion list, brasils, and who hold different views on the choice of 26 July as an appropriate date to celebrate the Interpreter’s Day. The author first contextualizes the discussion against the backdrop of the history of signed language interpreting in <country-region w:st="on"><place w:st="on">Brazil</place></country-region> , and then uses a discourse analysis approach, drawing particularly on the work of Michel Pêcheux, to identify the main patterns that emerge in the online discussion regarding this event. The emphasis is ultimately on explaining how the discursive memory of this event is constituted for sign language interpreters in <country-region w:st="on"><place w:st="on">Brazil</place></country-region> . BOOK REVIEWS Ghelly Vassilievich Chernov, Robin Setton and Adelina Hild (eds): Inference and Anticipation in Simultaneous InterpretingReviewed by Maya De Wit, The <country-region w:st="on"><place w:st="on">Netherlands</place></country-region> Brian Cerney: The Interpreting Handbook Part 1Reviewed by Janice Humphrey, <country-region w:st="on"><place w:st="on">USA</place></country-region> James Nolan: Interpretation: Techniques and ExercisesReviewed by Maree Madden, <country-region w:st="on"><place w:st="on">Australia</place></country-region> Mieke Van Herreweghe and Myriam Vermeerbergen (eds): To The Lexicon and Beyond: Sociolinguistics in European Deaf Communities. Reviewed by Judith M. Collins, <country-region w:st="on"><place w:st="on">UK</place></country-region>

**ahmed_allaithy** · 05-04-2008, 05:32 PM

Translating Institutions

**ahmed_allaithy** · 01-22-2009, 07:44 AM

_MD_RE: مراجع في الترجمة 2_Translation References

The Interpreter and Translator Trainer, Volume 3, Number 1, 2009<a href="http://www.stjerome.co.uk/periodicals/journal.php?j=107&v=629&i=630" target="_blank" rel="nofollow">http://www.stjerome.co.uk/periodicals/journal.php?j=107&v=629&i=630</a> Special Issue: Training for Doctoral ResearchGuest-edited by Ian Mason, Heriot-Watt UniversityISBN: 978-1-905763-12-2Note: ALL ST. JEROME JOURNALS ARE NOW AVAILABLE ONLINE<a title="BLOCKED::http://www.stjerome.co.uk/periodicals/index.php http://www.stjerome.co.uk/periodicals/index.php" href="http://www.stjerome.co.uk/periodicals/index.php" target="_blank" rel="nofollow">http://www.stjerome.co.uk/periodicals/index.php</a><div> </div><div>Following the rapid expansion of translation studies as an emergent (inter-)discipline over recent decades, demand for doctoral research opportunities is now growing fast in many countries. At the same time, doctoral training packages of a generic nature have been elaborated and refined at many universities, drawing on long traditions of doctoral research in established disciplines. A degree of consensus no doubt exists on such matters as the need for rigour, method and the generation of new knowledge. Beyond that, however, there are a host of issues specific to translation and interpreting studies that remain under-researched and under-discussed. Contributors to this special issue encourage reflection on a range of issues in ways that foster further debate and collaboration on the development of doctoral studies within the field. A number of concrete proposals are offered that could be adapted to local situations in different countries and academic settings. While some of the contributions adopt a mainly empirical stance, others adopt a broad perspective on training, citing examples of widely differing projects. Two contributors offer insights from personal experience of doctoral study while another describes the organization of doctoral work within the conceptual framework of a research group. All consider training from the angle of student needs and offer concrete suggestions for ensuring that doctoral candidates are equipped with the guidance, concepts, methods and tools required for success. Research Training in Translation Studies, pp. 1-12Ian Mason, UKDoctoral work in translation studies has grown in volume over recent years, not only in Europe and America but also worldwide. A concomitant trend has been the requirement for research training, either within or as preparation for doctoral programmes, and many generic and discipline-specific training packages are now offered in a wide variety of institutions. But what are the characteristics of doctoral work in the broad field of translation studies and what kinds of area-specific training are appropriate? In a domain characterized by methodological heterogeneity and beset by problems of achieving consensus on what constitutes its object of study, is there a common core that could inform the design of a training course for doctoral research in translation studies? In presenting the contributions to this special issue of ITT, this introductory article argues that, provided research designs are clear, consistent and internally coherent, there will be no need to force individual studies into a common mould. Correspondingly, the goal of mutual understanding and respect will best be served by introducing doctoral students to a full range of theoretical perspectives, empirical tools and methods, among which they will be enabled to perceive the relative scope and effectiveness of those they have selected. Keywords. Doctoral training, Doctoral programme, PhD, Translation studies, Discipline, Object of study, Empirical, Postmodernist, Research methods.Section headings: Translation Studies; the field; Issues for training.Training Translation Researchers: An Approach Based on Models and Best Practice, pp. 13-35Josep Marco, SpainA general issue for doctoral research training is what a comprehensive module in research methods in translation studies might (or should) include. This article attempts to answer that question in two complementary ways: by identifying a number of research models in translation studies and by providing examples of best practice within them, to be discussed and analyzed in training sessions. The models are: textual-descriptivist, cognitive, culturalist and sociological. Instances of best practice are published reports of research, regarded as effective, efficient and representative of the research model in question. The description of each model is accompanied by examples of practical training, involving the application of concepts and methods to new research topics and environments. Keywords. Research models, Best practice, Textual-descriptivist, Cognitive, Cuturalist, Sociological.Section headings: The textual-descriptivist model (Conceptual and methodological framework; Corpus-based translation studies: a special case within the textual-descriptivist model); The cognitive model (Conceptual and methodological framework); The culturalist model (Conceptual and methodological framework); The sociological model (Conceptual and methodological framework; Becoming familiar with other types of sociologically oriented translation research); Conclusion. The Case Study Method in Translation Studies, pp. 37-56Şebnem Susam-Sarajeva, UKThe objective of this article is to initiate a discussion on the definition, use and outcomes of case study research within translation studies. The article argues that the method is widespread in the discipline, especially at postgraduate level, and yet its characteristics and requirements are rather taken for granted and not necessarily elaborated on. The first part of the article looks at the definitions of case study in the social sciences and its uses within translation studies; emphasizes the importance of distinguishing between case and context; and delivers an overview of the differences between single- and multiple-case studies. The second part concentrates on the relationships between case studies and generalizations, with a view to understanding how to achieve valid and useful conclusions out of the (mostly single) cases prevalent in the discipline. It is the author’s hope that the article will assist new researchers, as well as their supervisors, to determine the requirements of this particular method as well as the best course of action to achieve generalizable results in their theses. Keywords: Research methodology, Case, Case study, Definitions, Generalizations, Qualitative research, Social sciences.Section headings: What's a case study anyway? (Case study in translation studies; Single- vs. multiple-case studies and case vs. context); Case study and generalizations (Naturalistic generalization and transfer; Analytic induction and logical inference; More conventional generalizations; Final remarks on the role of generalization in case study research); Conclusion. Research Methodology in Specialized Genres for Translation Purposes, pp. 57-77Anabel Borja, Isabel García Izquierdo and Vicent Montalt, SpainThis article proposes a methodology for the organization of doctoral research in specialized translation. Emphasis is placed on the need to choose the research methods that are best suited to each case and to clearly define the phases and resources to be used in the research. This process of selection must be based on careful consideration of what is to be researched, why and, above all, how to go about it. The concept of text genre is proposed as the main organizing principle of the research, since its multifaceted character shouldl allow different theoretical models to be integrated into the analysis. This article therefore aims to serve as a guide both to doctoral students in the field of specialized translation and to academic staff who are supervising or guiding these students. Keywords. Genre, Specialized translation, Phases of research.Section headings: Introduction; Research in specialized translation; Phases of the research (The conceptual phase: the choice of the concept of genre; The empirical phase; The interpretative phase); Dissemination of research. Elements of Doctoral Training: The Logic of the Research Process, Research Design and the Evaluation of Research Quality, pp. 79-106Sandra Halverson, NorwayA general curriculum in research methodology for doctoral students in translation studies should focus on the underlying logic of the research process, including delimitation of the research question, choice of research design for empirical studies and evaluation of research quality. In this paper, these elements are briefly introduced, and means of working on them in doctoral seminars are suggested. One of the teaching methods advised is working through a sample research case and this approach is illustrated in the paper, using the gravitational pull hypothesis (Halverson 2003). The emphasis is on illustrating a dynamic research process as a means of teaching about the commitments that research involves at various levels, about the intellectual and practical challenges that emerge, about the quality requirements that pertain and about how to steer a course through unknown terrain with the navigational tools at our disposal. Keywords. Research process, Research question, Research design, Doctoral training.Section headings: Introduction; Prerequisites; The logic of the research process and basic types of research design (The logic of the research process; Basic types of research design); The case of schematic networks in translation (Theory testing and the case; The individual studies; Summary); Concluding remarks. Doctoral Work in Translation Studies as an Interdisciplinary Mutual Learning Process, pp. 107-28Anne Burns, Mira Kim and Christian M.I.M. Matthiessen, AustraliaThe focus of this paper is on the doctoral research training experienced by one of the authors and the ways in which the diverse linguistic and disciplinary perspectives of her two supervisors (co-authors of this paper) mediated the completion of her study. The doctoral candidate is a professional translator/interpreter and translation teacher. The paper describes why and how she identified her research area and then focused on the major research questions in collaboration with her two supervisors, who brought their differing perspectives from the field of linguistics to this translation research, even though they are not translators by profession or disciplinary background and do not speak Korean. In addition, the discussion considers the focus, purpose and theoretical orientation of the research itself (which addressed questions of readability in translated English-Korean texts through detailed analysis of a corpus and implications for professional translator training) as well as the supervisory and conceptual processes and practices involved. The authors contend that doctoral research of this kind can be seen as a mutual learning process and that inter-disciplinary research can make a contribution not only to the development of rigorous research in the field of translation studies but also to the other disciplinary fields involved. Key words. Inter-disciplinary research, Language teaching, Language typology, English/Korean translationSection headings: Introduction (Issues in research training); Towards doctoral research (The interdisciplinary team; Steps in a research apprenticeship); Entering the field of doctoral studies (Research questions; Theoretical framework; Data and methodology); Completing doctoral research (Doctoral training and mutual learning; Translation studies and mutual approaches); Suggestions for doctoral training in translation studies; Concluding remarks. Training for the Viva Examination: A Translation Studies Student Perspective, pp. 129-142Sue-Ann Harding, UKMyth and mystery often surround the doctoral examination process, not just for students but also for supervisors and examiners. Yet it need not be so. Recent publications informed by current empirical research and addressed primarily to doctoral students but also relevant to both supervisors and examiners discuss the nature and purposes of the viva and offer detailed strategies for viva preparation. For one Translation Studies doctoral student in her final year, the idea that mystery could be exchanged for sound and informed preparation has proved empowering. This paper, in a reflection on that empowering experience, discusses a selection of resources on viva culture and preparation; the integral connection between written thesis and oral examination; the opportunities for training and practice in the oral communication of ideas, arguments and conclusions; the opportunities for acculturation and induction into the academic community or ‘tribe’ during doctoral study, which culminate in the viva; and the complex nature of the oral examination, which requires complex, imaginative, proactive preparation rather than a search for simplistic solutions. The paper includes a number of concrete examples and useful suggestions for viva preparation, relevant to both staff and students, and applicable throughout the doctoral programme. Keywords. Viva examination, Doctoral training, Doctoral examination, Student perspective.Section headings: Lighting the way (Connecting thesis and viva); Joining the tribe (Implicit vs explicit); Training for the game (Viva preparation: examples and suggestions); Conclusions. FEATURES SECTION Coherence and Clarity of Objectives in Doctoral Projects: A Research Design Workshop, pp. 143-164Maeve Olohan and Mona Baker, UK Successful supervision of doctoral research is a defining feature and prerequisite to the survival of any research group within the academy. Within translation studies, unlike sociology for instance, relatively few scholars have acquired extensive experience in research supervision, and the discipline as a whole has so far paid little attention to examining the design of research projects at doctoral level. An attempt is made to address this gap by focusing on the design and coherence of doctoral research projects that involve the analysis of translation or interpreting data, drawing on concrete examples of current doctoral projects at the Centre for Translation and Intercultural Studies, University of Manchester. A broad overview of the UK context, in terms of increased monitoring and formalization of research training in recent years, is followed by a detailed discussion and exemplification of design issues in the initial stages of a doctoral project. The paper ends with an outline of a research design workshop for Year 1 and Year 2 students. Although equally valid in many other contexts, the workshop is designed within the context of doctoral study in the UK. Keywords: Coherence, Data, Doctoral training, Qualification descriptors, Quality Assurance Agency, Research design, Research questions.Section headings: Doctoral training in translation and interpreting studies at Manchester; Data and theory in research design; Refining the research questions; Thinking through data-related issues; Concluding remarks BOOK REVIEWSPaul Kussmaul: Verstehen und Übersetzen. Ein Lehr- und Arbeitsbuch. [Comprehension and Translation: A Reader and Textbook]. Reviewed by Mary An Kenny, IrelandAnabel Borja Albi: Estrategias, materiales y recursos para la traducción jurídica: inglés-español [Strategies, Materials and Resources for Legal Translation: English-Spanish]. (Textbook and teacher’s/self-learner’s guide). Reviewed by Leo Hickey, UKAlison Cook-Sather: Education Is Translation: A Metaphor for Change in Learning and Teaching. Reviewed by Lillian Depaula, USA.Jody Byrne: Technical Translation: Usability Strategies for Translating Technical Documentation. Reviewed by Rosário Durão, PortugalDorothy Kenny and Kyongjoo Ryou (eds): Across Boundaries: International Perspectives on Translation Studies. Reviewed by Michal Borodo, Poland THESIS ABSTRACTÁlvaro Echeverri: Métacognition, apprentissage actif et traduction: l’apprenant de traduction, agent de sa propre formation. [Metacognition, Active Learning and Translation: The Translation Learner as an Agent of His/Her Own Instruction]</div>

**ahmed_allaithy** · 03-13-2009, 06:31 PM

_MD_RE: مراجع في الترجمة 2_Translation References

<div class="Section1">Now available to online subscribers (hard copy available 10 April)The TranslatorVolume 15, Number 1, 2009</div><h1 class="docmeta" align="center">Special Issue. Nation and Translation in the Middle East</h1><div class="docmeta" align="center"></div><div class="docmeta" align="center">Guest Editor Samah Selim, Université de Provence, France </div><div class="docmeta" align="center"></div><h3 class="docmeta" align="center">ISBN: 978-1-905763-13-9</h3><div class="docmeta" align="center"><a href="http://www.stjerome.co.uk/periodicals/journal.php?j=72&v=660&i=661" target="_blank" rel="nofollow">http://www.stjerome.co.uk/periodicals/journal.php?j=72&v=660&i=661</a></div><div class="docmeta" align="center"></div><div class="docmeta" align="center">Note: ALL ST. JEROME JOURNALS ARE NOW AVAILABLE ONLINE<a title="http://www.stjerome.co.uk/periodicals/index.php" href="http://www.stjerome.co.uk/periodicals/index.php" target="_blank" rel="nofollow">http://www.stjerome.co.uk/periodicals/index.php</a></div> In the Middle East, translation movements and the debates they have unleashed on language, culture and the politics and practices of identity have historically been tied to processes of state formation and administration, in the form of patronage, policy and publishing. Whether one considers the age of regional empires centred in Baghdad or Istanbul, or that of the modern nation-state from Egypt to Iran, this relationship points to the historical role of translation as a powerful and flexible tool of cultural politics. Nation and Translation in the Middle East focuses on this important aspect of translation in the region, with special emphasis on translation movements and the production of modernity in a historical context defined by European imperialism, enlightenment universalism, and globalization. While the papers assembled in this special issue of The Translator each address specific translation histories and practices in the Middle East, the broader questions they raise regarding the location and the historicity of translation offer a fruitful intervention into contemporary debates in translation studies on difference, fidelity and the ethics of translation. The volume opens with two essays that situate translation at the intersection of national canons, postcolonial cultural hegemonies and ‘private’ market or activist-based initiatives in Egypt and Turkey. Other contributions discuss the utility of translation paradigms as a counterweight to the dominant orientalist historiography of modern print culture in the Arab World; the role of the translator as political agent and social reformer in twentieth-century Egypt; and the relationship between language, translation and the politics of identity in the multi-ethnic and multilingual Islamicate contexts of the Abbasid and Mughal Empires. The volume also includes a general bibliography on translation and the Middle East. Contents<h1 style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt">Nation and Translation in the Middle East : Histories, Canons, Hegemonies, pp. 1-13.</h1><h1 style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt">Samah Selim, Université de Provence, France</h1><h2 style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><a rel="nofollow" name="summary"></a></h2>This introductory paper argues for the importance of a sustained disciplinary engagement between Middle Eastern Studies and translation studies that would open up new ways of thinking about the epistemological foundations and the ethical effects of both fields in textual and worldly terms. While modern historiography and literary studies in and of the Middle East tend to be constructed around problematic and unequivocal models of transfer and translation (from West to East), the interest in the question of ethics in translation studies often neglects the specificity of ‘other’ translation histories and practices that are shaped by colonial hegemonies in the region and are directly related to complex (and contested) processes of nation-building and identity formation. The paper considers a number of such histories and practices, from the late Mughal Empire to modern Egypt , and explores the implications for contemporary debates in translation studies on questions of ‘difference’ and ‘fidelity’. <h2 style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt">Keywords. Area Studies, Difference, Fidelity, Imperialism, Humanism, Middle East , Nationalism, Orientalism, Renaissance.</h2>Translation Policies in the Arab World: Representations, Discourses and Realities, pp. 15-35.Richard Jacquemond, Université de Provence, FranceThis article analyzes the translation policies set up in the Arab World since the end of the Second World War, focusing first on the modern Arab discourse on translation, mainly through the example of the 3rd Arab Human Development Report (2003). The Report, based on antiquated and incomplete data, deems the current Arabic translation movement strikingly weak and calls for “an ambitious and integrated Arab strategy” in the field of translation. The article goes on to analyze the programmes carried out by foreign cultural missions active in the region and then examines the indigenous programmes set up by Arab states and institutions. Focusing on the emergence of two discrete moments in local translation policy, the study demonstrates how these indigenous translation programmes were articulated around two complementary logics: a humanistic one, where the aim was to translate into Arabic the ‘masterpieces of world literature and thought’, and a developmentalist one that proposed to make the most recent scientific developments available to the Arab readership and to contribute to the modernization of the Arabic language. The article concludes with a brief reflection on the relative success of these programmes in light of their historical and discursive goals.Keywords. Arab Human Development Report, Arabic, Arabization, Cultural diplomacy, Egypt , Ideology, Postcolonialism, Translation policies.Translation, Presumed Innocent: Translation and Ideology in Turkey, pp. 37-64.Şehnaz Tahir Gürçağlar, Boğaziçi University , TurkeyIn late Ottoman society, in the 19th century, translation was instrumental in the emergence of new literary genres such as the novel and western-style drama. It maintained its significance and influence in the early Republican period, starting in 1923. Apart from its literary significance, an interesting aspect of the trajectory followed by translation in Turkey concerns the way it has conspicuously allied itself with political and ideological agendas, such as westernization, Marxism and Islamism, to mention a few. This paper explores the ideological entanglements of translation in Turkey in the 20th century. It examines the discourse that emerged around translation at certain moments during that period and argues that translation served as a mirror, reflecting the literary and cultural ‘lacks’ of the target system, as much as it was meant to import new forms and ideas which would eventually help Turkish society overcome its perceived deficiencies. The study also problematizes the ways in which the translator’s subject position has been suppressed, especially in the discourse of translators reflecting upon their own work, and concludes that this self-effacing attitude seems to have become part of the professional identity of the Turkish translator.Keywords. Humanism, Islamizing translations, Nationalism, Prosecution of translators, Translator’s invisibility, Turkish.Translating into the Empire: The Arabic Version of Kalila wa Dimna, pp. 65-86.Tarek Shamma, United Arab Emirates University, Al AinThis paper examines the translation by ‘Abdullah Ibn al-Muqaffa‘ (720-757 AD) of the Pahlavi version of Kalila wa Dimna in the early Abbasid period (750–1258 AD). Ibn al-Muqaffa‘ contributed to the translation movement supported by al-Mansur, the second Abbasid caliph. The patronage of translation allowed the caliphs to expand their support base by integrating elements from the different cultures of the empire into one Islamic whole. That was the political context of the translation. Ibn al-Muqaffa‘, a recent convert of Persian descent, took part in an intellectual and literary movement which attempted to infuse Islamic culture with Persian elements. To introduce these influences in Islamic terms, the translation was decidedly ‘domesticating’. In analyzing the textual strategies that the translator employed, this paper calls for a reconsideration of the functions of domesticating translation, which in the case under study contributed to cultural diversity, contrary to arguments common in modern translation theory. It is further argued that attendant notions of ‘equivalence’ and ‘faithfulness’ are conditioned by modern constructs of authorship and the nation state that do not hold for Arabic translation during that period, nor, probably, for premodern translation in general.Keywords. Abbasid Empire, Arabic, Astrology, Domestication, Equivalence, Faithfulness, Islam, Kalila wa Dimna, Persians.<h2 style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt"></h2><h2 style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt">Translating Gender: Āzād Bilgrāmī on the Poetics of the Love Lyric and Cultural Synthesis, pp. 87-103.</h2><h2 style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt">Sunil Sharma, Harvard University, USA</h2><h2 style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt"></h2><h2 style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt">This paper examines the figure of Āzād Bilgrāmī (d. 1785), who was the first Persian author to synthesize Persian, Arabic and Indian poetics, combining the purely theoretical interest of a scholar with a practising poet’s insight into local traditions. In his Arabic work, Subhat al-marjān fi āthār Hindūstān (Coral Rosary of Indian Antiquities, 1763-64) Āzād Bilgrāmī compared the rhetorics of Arabic and Sanskrit love poetry in order to effect a form of cultural accommodation that would not be devoid of aesthetic pleasure. A year later he Persianized the first two sections of his Arabic work. Ghizlān-i Hind (Female Beloveds of India) challenges the scholarly view of a monolithic Islamic poetics by treating Arabic and Persian as independent literary cultures, albeit from an eighteenth-century Indo-Muslim point of view. Interestingly, Āzād Bilgrāmī’s work is located in between two major empires – Mughal and British colonial – both of which valued translation as an indispensable political tool. Is such a work then merely a literary aberration or does it point to a nascent national consciousness that is multicultural and multilingual? The paper explores these questions and suggests that the theoretical and creative aspects of Bilgrami’s project offer non-hierarchical traces of literary interface and knowledge exchange between cultures.</h2><h2 style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt"></h2><h2 style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt">Keywords. Arabic, Gender, ghazal, Hindi, masnavi, nayikabheda, Mughal Empire, Persian, Poetics.</h2><h2 style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt"></h2><h2 style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt"></h2>Print and Its Discontents: A Case for Pre-Print Journalism and Other Sundry Print Matters, pp. 105-138.Dana Sajdi, Boston College, USAThis essay proposes to explore the historical movement of text from scribal media to print publication as a translation process in which the printed text is viewed, not as an entirely new cultural product but one that has enjoyed previous lives. The essay first undertakes a revision of the dominant discourses on print in the Middle East, which have generally offered a salvation narrative fraught with Orientalist assumptions connected to the ‘sacredness’ of Arabic and the status of the Qur’an in Islamicate cultures. Likewise, the essay interrogates the historiography of print culture in Europe, which has exaggerated the impact of print and utilized it to create a divided and unequal temporality and geography between Europe and its others. The essay then offers a tentative attempt at a new cultural history which looks at continuities rather than ruptures in genres and practices before and after print, and in which the printing press plays the role of the habilitated and domesticated mediator/translator. To illustrate this, the essay takes the case of the modern Arabic newspaper and resituates it as a direct descendent of the early-modern scribal chronicle rather than as an entirely new innovation of the print age.Keywords. Arabic, Contemporary chronicles, Impact of print scholarship, Journalism, Khabar, Lithography, Maqala, Orientalism, Print, Scribal culture.Languages of Civilization: Nation, Translation and the Poetics of Race in Colonial Egypt, 139-156.Samah Selim, Université de Provence, France‘Civilization’ is a keyword that has been heavily implicated in relations of power and domination throughout the 19th and 20th centuries. This paper offers a case-study of one moment in the modern genesis of the term and of its translation into a colonial language. Though largely forgotten today by the social sciences, Gustave Le Bon (1841-1931) was one of the most important and popular social thinkers of the Third Republic in France . He was a seminal theoretician of race and a tireless anti-revolutionary polemicist who elaborated a form of historical social Darwinism in which progress was defined in and through increasing social and civilizational inequality. Le Bon greatly influenced the new social thought of the Nahdah period in Egypt – especially in its liberal and secular currents – through the many translations that were made of his works between 1909 and 1922. His main translator was Ahmad Fathi Zaghlul: founding member of The Ummah Party, jurist implicated in the infamous Dinshaway affair and an important intellectual of the period in his own right. Zaghlul exemplifies the section of liberal and colonial elites who sought to reform and modernize Egypt according to the ‘natural’ laws that govern human societies in order to lead the country to independence. This paper examines Zaghlul’s Arabic translation of one of Le Bon’s most important works, Les Lois psychologiques de l’évolution des peuples (The Psychological Laws of the Evolution of Peoples, 1894/1913), in order to explore the ambiguous role played by new concepts of ‘race’, ‘nation’ and ‘civilization’ in the secular, reformist social thought of the Nahdah in Egypt.Keywords. 19th century, Civilization, Colonial elites, Degeneration, Democracy, Egypt , France , Nahdah, Nation, Race.Othello in the Egyptian Vernacular: Negotiating the ‘Doxic’ in Drama Translation and Identity Formation, pp. 157-178.Sameh F. Hanna, The University of Salford, UKThroughout the cultural history of modern Egypt , language has been a site for constructing and contesting different versions of national identity. While Classical Arabic (fusha) has been widely recognized by many as the legitimate expression of an Arab-Islamic identity that Egypt partakes of, there have been attempts by Egyptian intellectuals to forge and promote a unique Egyptian identity distinct from the Arab-Islamic geo-political and socio-cultural sphere. Egyptian vernacular Arabic (‘ammiyya) has been mainly deployed as the distinctive mark of this identity. While recognizing that the two categories of fusha and ‘ammiyya and the arbitrary divide between them are epistemological constructs that have been sustained and promoted by a number of institutional and discursive practices, including a linguistic discourse couched in a modernist understanding of reality, this article seeks to pinpoint the social/cultural economy of these two constructs in the field of drama translation in Egypt. It then examines a translation of Othello produced by Moustapha Safouan in 1998, in which he negotiates Egyptian identity through a strategic use of ‘ammiyya. The discussion of language and cultural practices in Egypt and Safouan’s translation draws on Pierre Bourdieu’s concept of doxa.Keywords. Bourdieu, Classical Arabic, Doxa, Egypt, Egyptian Arabic, Identity formation, Khalil Mutran, Moustapha Safouan, Othello.Revisiting the ClassicsEdward Said's Orientalism Revisited: Translations and Translators, pp. 179-183Fawwaz Traboulsi, Wissenschafstkolleg zu Berlin , Germany<div class="Section1"><div class="normaltext">There is a growing and flagrant paradox about Orientalism. With the passage of years, the book seems to have been endowed with a life of its own, divorced from the rest of its author’s life and intellectual development. Moreover, Edward Said’s masterpiece is too often read and presented in contradistinction to the author’s subsequent intellectual development, hijacked by dominant trends in postcolonial studies, by local nativists, not to speak of cultural and social parvenus in the Arab World objecting to the way Arabs and Muslims are ‘represented in the West’. This review article attempts to situate Orientalism in relation to the intellectual development of its author and the subsequent corrections he made to his major early work, and to place Edward Said himself in time and place in his Arab context. </div><div class="normaltext"></div><div class="normaltext"></div><div class="normaltext">Book Reviews</div><div class="normaltext"></div><div class="normaltext">Réda Bensmaïa: Experimental Nations: Or, the Invention of the Maghreb</div><div class="normaltext">Reviewed by Rachel Gabara, University of Georgia, USA</div><div class="normaltext"></div><div class="normaltext">Kamran Rastegar: Literary Modernity between the Middle East and Europe</div><div class="normaltext">Reviewed by Michael Beard, University of North Dakota, USA</div><div class="normaltext"></div><div class="normaltext">Denys Johnson-Davies: Memories in Translation: A Life between the Lines of Arabic Literature</div><div class="normaltext">Reviewed by Hosam M. Aboul-Ela, University of Houston, USA</div><div class="normaltext"></div><div class="normaltext">Şebnem Susam-Sarajeva: Theories on the Move: Translation's Role in the Travels of Literary Theories</div><div class="normaltext">Reviewed by Annie Brisset, University of Ottawa, Canada</div><div class="normaltext"></div><div class="normaltext">Richard Jacquemond: Conscience of the Nation: Writers, State and Society in Modern Egypt</div><div class="normaltext">Reviewed by Christopher Stone, Hunter College, USA</div><div class="normaltext"></div><div class="normaltext">Carol Bardenstein: Translation and Transformation in Modern Arabic Literature</div><div class="normaltext">Reviewed by Sameh F. Hanna, University of Salford, UK</div><div class="normaltext"></div><div class="normaltext">Kate Sturge: Representing Others: Translation, Ethnography and the Museum</div><div class="normaltext">Reviewed by Kaisa Koskinen, University of Tampere, Finland</div><div class="normaltext"></div><div class="normaltext"></div><div class="normaltext">Bibliography</div><div class="normaltext"></div><div class="normaltext">Nation and Translation in the Middle East: A Selected Bibliography, pp. 215-220</div><div class="normaltext">Samah Selim, Université de Provence, France (with the assistance of Mona Baker and Richard Jacquemond)</div><div class="normaltext"></div><div class="normaltext">The present bibliography is intended to cover published material dealing with translation in and of the Middle East from a historical and theoretical perspective, with priority given to works dealing with literature, and written in English. As such the titles range from specific case studies of texts and translators, to studies of broader historical and institutional translation movements in the region, to theoretical reflections on the relationship between translation, identity, nation-building and (post)colonial transactions. While Arabic and Turkish are the most heavily represented languages, with their strong histories of state-sponsored translation initiatives, much less work has been done in Persian, Urdu, Hebrew and Kurdish. The topic itself is a relatively new one in relation to the languages, histories and literatures of the Middle East and the titles included – all published within the last twenty years – offer an overview of work done and hopefully point to future research paths.</div><div class="normaltext"></div></div>

**ahmed_allaithy** · 06-22-2009, 08:17 AM

Introduction to Chinese-English Translation

Introduction to Chinese-English Translation

by Zinan Ye and Lynette Xiaojing Shi

List Price: $19.95
ISBN: 978-0-7818-1216-0
Binding: Paperback
Published by: Hippocrene
Publication Date: Spring of 2009
Pages: 201
Website: http://www.amazon.com/Introduction-Chinese-English-Translation-Zinan-Ye/dp/078181216X/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1245535788&sr=8-1
About the Book

Introduction to Chinese-English Translation is regarded by some scholars as “the first authoritative English-language textbook for Chinese-English translators”. It provides them with all the tools needed to improve their translation skills.

Part One discusses basic issues in translation. Part Two introduces ten essential skills with the help of actual translation examples. Part Three deals with specific issues such as metaphors, idioms, and text analysis. Part Four presents six texts of different types for translation practice. A sample translation is provided for each and translation strategies are analyzed and discussed.

· A practical hands-on book for anyone involved in Chinese-English translation, including professional translators, interpreters, and advanced students.
· Full of examples, explanations and exercises.

The authors are very much experienced in the field of teaching translation. Both Zinan Ye and Lynette Shi have worked in the field of translation for many years, and are currently teaching at the Monterey Institute of International Studies in California .

**ahmed_allaithy** · 06-22-2009, 08:32 AM

http://www.routledge.com/9780415455305
Internationalizing Media Studies

Edited by Daya Kishan Thussu
Series: INTERNATIONALIZING MEDIA STUDIES
List Price: $35.95
Add to Cart

ISBN: 978-0-415-45530-5
Binding: Paperback (also available in Hardback)
Published by: Routledge
Publication Date: 11/05/2009
Pages: 336

About the Book

The explosion of transnational information flows, made possible by new technologies and institutional changes (economic, political and legal) has profoundly affected the study of global media. At the same time, the globalization of media combined with the globalization of higher education means that the research and teaching of the subject faces immediate and profound challenges, not only as the subject of enquiry but also as the means by which researchers and students undertake their studies.
Edited by a leading scholar of global communication, this collection of essays by internationally-acclaimed scholars from around the world aims to stimulate a debate about the imperatives for internationalizing media studies by broadening its remit, including innovative research methodologies, taking account of regional and national specificities and pedagogic necessities warranted by the changing profile of students and researchers and unprecedented growth of media in non-Western world.
Transnational in its perspectives, Internationalizing Media Studies is a much-needed guide to the internationalization of media and its study in a global context.

**ahmed_allaithy** · 07-21-2009, 12:12 PM

Translation Studies

Edited by Mona Baker
List Price: £650 / $975.00

ISBN: 978-0-415-34422-7
Binding: Hardback
Published by: Routledge
Publication Date: 07/07/2009
Pages: 1608 (Four Volumes)

Translation Studies has emerged as a thriving interdisciplinary and international area of scholarship. Its rapid growth has been accompanied by diverse forms of translation research and commentary, most falling within, or crossing, traditional academic disciplines such as linguistics, literary criticism, philosophy, anthropology, and, more recently, cultural studies. This new four-volume collection from Routledge brings together foundational and more recent, cutting-edge contributions to the field. The collection is both retrospective and forward-looking, making sense of the past as well as providing pointers towards the future. Fully indexed and with a comprehensive introduction, Translation Studies is an essential work of reference for use by both scholar and student as a vital one-stop research resource.
Contents (see also http://media.routledgeweb.com/pdf/9780415344227/9780415344227.pdf)

Introduction

VOLUME 1

Part 1: Conceptualizing Translation: Transformation, Creation, Mimesis, Commentary

1 Scenes of Translation at Large
JOHN SALLIS

2 Translation
ROBERT YOUNG

3 Translation as New Writing
SUJIT MUKHERJEE
4 ‘To translate’ means ‘to exchange’?: A new interpretation of the earliest Chinese attempts to define translation (‘fanyi’)
MARTHA CHEUNG
5 Forms of Verse Translation and the Translation of Verse Form
JAMES S HOLMES
6 Criticism, Commentary and Translation: Reflections Based on Benjamin and Blanchot
ANTOINE BERMAN
Translated by Luise von Flotow

7 Literary Translation: Some Theoretical Issues Investigated
XU CHONGXIN
Translated by Liu Yameng

8 On Translation as Creation and as Criticism
HAROLDO DE CAMPOS
Translated by John Milton

9 Text Metempsychosis and the Racing Tortoise: Borges and Translation
SUSAN PETRILLI

10 Who Owns the Plays? Issues in the Translation and Performance of Greek Drama on the Modern Stage
LORNA HARDWICK

Part 2: Incommensurability of Paradigms

11 Remarks on Incommensurability and Translation
THOMAS S. KUHN
12 The Untranslatability of Faith
PAOLO FABBRI
Translated by Carol O’Sullivan

13 Tradition and Translation
ALASDAIR MACINTYRE
14 The Paradigm of Translation
PAUL RICOEUR

Part 3: Travelling Theory

15 Western Theory and Chinese Reality
ZHANG LONGXI

16 “Poru Ruta”/Paul Rotha and the Politics of Translation
ABÉ MARK NORNES
17 The Translation of Western Science
DAVID WRIGHT

18 Women Translators, Gender and the Cultural Context of the Scientific Revolution
CHRISTA KNELLWOLF

19 Duihua (Dialogue) In-between: A Process of Translating the Term ‘Feminism’ in China
MIN DONGCHAO

VOLUME II

Part 4: Translation at the Interface of Cultures: Contact Zones, Third Spaces and Border Crossings

20 The Traffic in Meaning: Translation, Contagion, Infiltration
MARY LOUISE PRATT
21 Rethinking the Colony: Intercultural Relations and Translation
BIRGIT SCHARLAU
Translated by Geraldine Lawless

22 1+1=3? Intercultural Relations as a ‘Third Space’
DORIS BACHMANN-MEDIC
Translated by Kate Sturge

23 Interpreters/translators and Cross-language Research: Reflexivity and Border Crossings
BOGUSIA TEMPLE & ROSALIND EDWARDS

24 China at the Turn of the 20th Century: Translating Modernity through Japanese
GUO YANGSHENG
Part 5: World Literature & the Making of Literary Traditions

25 Consecration and Accumulation of Literary Capital: Translation as Unequal Exchange
PASCALE CASANOVA
Translated by Siobhan Brownlie

26 Towards a Sociology of Translation: Book Translations as a Cultural World-System
JOHAN HEILBRON
27 Conjectures on World Literature
FRANCO MORETTI

28 Translation’s Challenge to Critical Categories: Verses from French in the Early English Renaissance
A.E.B. COLDIRON

29 Pharoah’s Revenge: Translation, Literary History and Colonial Ambivalence
SAMAH SELIM

30 Engendered by Translation: Modern Japanese Literature, Vernacular Style, and the Westernesque Femme Fatale
INDRA LEVY

Part 6: Politics and Dynamics of Representation

31 The Concept of Cultural Translation in British Social Anthropology
TALAL ASAD

32 Translation as Manipulation: The Power of Images and Images of Power
MAHASWETA SENGUPTA
33 Reflections of Things Past: Building Italy through the Mirror of Translation
LOREDANA POLEZZI
Part 7: Environments of Reception

34 Packaging “Huda”: Sha’rawi’s Memoirs in the United States Reception Environment
MOHJA KAHF

35 Writing beyond the Wall: Translation, Cross-cultural Exchange and Chan Ran’s A Private Life
KAY SCHAFFER & XIANLIN SONG

36 Death in Translation
DAVID DAMROSCH

37 “But do they have a notion of Justice?”: Staunton ’s 1810 Translation of the Great Qing Code
JAMES ST . ANDRÉ

VOLUME III

Part 8: Translation as Ethical Practice

38 Ethics, Aesthetics and Décision: Literary Translating in the Wars of the Yugoslav Succession
FRANCIS R. JONES

39 The Gift of Languages. Towards a Philosophy of Translation
DOMENICO JERVOLINO
Translated by Angelo Bottone
40 Ethics of Translation
ANDREW CHESTERMAN

Part 9: Modes & Strategies
41 Writing Between the Lines: The Language of Translation
JOHN STURROCK

42 Translation as Cultural Politics: Regimes of Domestication in English
LAWRENCE VENUTI
43 Issues in the Practice of Translating Women’s Fiction
CAROL MAIER

Part 10: Discourse and Ideology
44 Epistemicide!: The Tale of a Predatory Discourse
KAREN BENNETT

45 Translation and the Establishment of Liberal Democracy in Nineteenth-Century England : Constructing the Political as an Interpretive Act
ALEKA LIANERI

46 Discourse, Ideology and Translation
IAN MASON

47 Rose Blanche in Translation
SUSAN STAN

48 ‘Du hast jar keene Ahnung’: African American English Dubbed into German
ROBIN QUEEN

Part 11: The Voice of Authority: Institutional Settings & Alliances

49 The Registration Interview: Restricting Refugees’ Narrative Performance
MARCO JACUEMET

50 The Interpreter as Institutional Gatekeeper: The Social-linguistic Role of Interpreters in Spanish-English Medical Discourse
BRAD DAVIDSON

51 Toward Understanding Practices of Medical Interpreting: Interpreters’ Involvement in History Taking
GALINA B. BOLDEN

Part 12: Voice, Positionality, Subjectivity

52 The Translator’s Voice in Translated Narrative
THEO HERMANS

53 National Sovereignty versus Universal Rights: Interpreting Justice in a Global Context
MOIRA INGHILLERI
54 The Subject of Translation/the Subject in Transit
NAOKI SAKAI

55 Translation in Wartime
VICENTE L. RAFAEL
56 War, Translation, Transnationalism: Interpreters in and of the War (Croatia, 1991-1992)
ZRINKA STAHULJAK

57 Ideology and the Position of the Translator: In What Sense is a Translator ‘In Between’?
MARIA TYMOCZKO
VOLUME IV

Part 13: Minority: Cultural Identity and Survival

58 The Cracked Looking Glass of Servants: Translation and Minority Languages in a Global Age
MICHAEL CRONIN

59 Locating Power: Corsican Translators and Their Critics
ALEXANDRA JAFFE

60 Interpreting as a Tool for Empowerment of the New Zealand Deaf Community
RACHEL McKEE
61 Translating African-American Vernacular English into German: The Problem of ‘Jim’ in Mark Twain’s Huckleberry Finn
RAPHAEL BERTHELE
62 In Search of a Target Language: The Politics of Theatre Translation in Quebec
ANNIE BRISSET

Part 14: Instruments and Mechanisms of Domination

63 Translating Science, Translating Empire: The Power of Language in Colonial North India
MICHAEL S. DODSON
64 Translation, Colonialism and Rise of English
TESJAWINI NIRANJANA

65 Power and Translation in Social Policy Research
GAIL WILSON
Part 15: The Dynamics of Power and Resistance

66 Reframing Conflict in Translation
MONA BAKER

67 Translating the Bible in Nineteenth-Century India : Protestant Missionary Translation and the Standard Tamil Version
HEPHZIBAH ISRAEL

68 Literary Translation and the Construction of a Soviet Intelligentsia
BRIAN JAMES BAER

69 ‘Translation, Counter-Culture and The Fifties in the USA
EDWIN GENTZLER
70 A Narrative Account of the Babels vs. Naumann Controversy: Competing Perspectives on Activism in Conference Interpreting
JULIE BOÉRI
Part 16: Changing Landscapes. New Media, New Technologies

71 Telephone Interpreting & the Synchronization of Talk in Social Interaction
CECILIA WADENSJÖ

72 A New Line in the Geometry
ERIC CAZDYN

73 Translation in the Age of Postmodern Production: From Text to Intertext to Hypertext
KAREN LITTAU

74 Machine Translation and Global English
RITA RALEY

**ahmed_allaithy** · 08-07-2009, 04:36 PM

Tanslational Action and Intercultural Communication

Edited by Kristin Bührig, Juliane House and Jan D. ten Thije

ISBN: 978-1-905763-09-02 / ISBN 1-905763-09-3

2009, 188 pages, £25 Sterling, inclusive of postage and packing

http://www.stjerome.co.uk/page.php?id=531&doctype=StJBooks&section=3&msg=&fi nds=0&string=

Translation and interpreting studies and intercultural communication have so far largely been treated as separate disciplines. Translatory Action and Intercultural Communication offers an overview of a range of different theoretical and methodological approaches to examining the hitherto largely ignored connection between the two research strands.

Drawing on three key concepts (‘functional equivalence’, ‘dilated speech situation’ and ‘intercultural understanding’), this interdisciplinary volume attempts to interrelate the following thematic strands: procedures of mediating between cultures in translational action, problems of intercultural communication in translational action, and insights into intercultural communication based on analyses of translational action.

The volume features both contrastive papers and papers which investigate communicative events in actu. The analyses presented deal with a variety of genres and types of interaction, including children’s books, speech acts in dramatic text, popular science and economic texts, excerpts from intercultural university encounters, phatic talk and medical communication.

Contributors: Kristin Bührig, Heidrun Gerzymisch-Arbogast, Juliane House, Alexandra Kallia, Dorothee Rothfuß-Bastian, Jan D. ten Thije, Antje Wilton.

Contents

Acknowledgements
1. Introduction: Translational Action and Intercultural Communication
Kristin Bührig, Juliane House and Jan D. ten Thije

2 Moving Across Languages and Cultures in Translation as Intercultural Communication
Juliane House , University of Hamburg , Germany
Abstract. This paper attempts to do three things: first, to briefly discuss the roles that cultural studies and linguistic approaches to translation play in translation studies. The author argues that one way of bridging the widening rift between the two camps is to make use of functional approaches to analyzing text and discourse. Functional approaches offer themselves as mediating tools because they take account of the context of linguistic units, which means that they necessarily consider the embeddedness of linguistic units in cultural contexts and can thus serve as a useful instrument for looking at translation as intercultural communication. Secondly, the author gives an example of such a functional-contextual approach to translation which includes the operation of two distinct types of translation. This approach is exemplified in the third part of the paper. Fourthly and finally, the author briefly discusses a recent phenomenon which may endanger the nature of translation as intercultural communication and reduce it to an instrument for linguistic-cultural colonization.

3. Text Topics and Their Intercultural Variation: A Sample Analysis Using Text Maps
Heidrun Gerzymisch-Arbogast & Dorothee Rothfuß-Bastian, Saarland University, Germany
Abstract. This chapter proposes a methodological tool for describing the topic structure of texts and their potential intercultural variation. After positioning topic structures within the field of interculturally varying discourse patterns, the problems inherent in text topic identification and representation are briefly outlined. On the basis of this discussion, the notion of text map and the procedure for establishing text maps is introduced and exemplified with a sample analysis of a passage from the introductory chapters of the English Introduction into Psychology by William James (1890/1975) and the German Grundriss der Psychologie by Wilhelm Wundt (1896). The analysis exemplifies the procedure of establishing text maps; its potential value is heuristic. After visualizing the text topic structures contrastively, their differences are presented and discussed. On the basis of the parameters yielded in the analysis it is suggested that text maps provide a verifiable methodological tool for larger-scale empirical studies into the nature and scope of varying topic and discourse structures in intercultural communication.

4. A Problem of Pragmatic Equivalence in Intercultural Communication: Translating Requests and Suggestions
Alexandra Kallia, University of Tübingen , Germany
Abstract. In this chapter an explicit connection is made between the realization of certain speech acts in intercultural communication and in covert translation. The author presents an empirical study of the realizations of requests and suggestions elicited via the use of discourse completion tests (DCT) in a number of different communicative situations in English, German, Greek, Italian and Russian. The results of this investigation are then compared with the analyses of literary translations (of novels and plays) involving these same languages. It is shown that it is indeed the case that the culture-specific realizations of requests and suggestions established in the DCT study are also reflected in translatory actions in which a cultural filter has been employed to achieve pragmatic equivalence. Translation is thus a useful diagnostic instrument for revealing cross-linguistic variation in pragmatic choices.

5. Interactional Translation
Antje Wilton, University of Erfurt , Germany
Abstract. In this chapter, a phatic non-professional interpreting event is investigated involving humorous talk between multilingual interactants at the dinner table. Participants in this event interact with one another and, at the same time, assume the responsibility of interpreting spontaneously, i.e. without any previous arrangement having been made. This constellation is thus characterized by the fact that interactants take on a double role as primary interactants and mediators. The results of the analysis show that the interpreters, in their attempt to create functional equivalence, tend to oscillate between these different roles, leading to role conflicts and problems in interpreting humorous talk.

6. The Self-retreat of the Interpreter: An Analysis of Teasing and Toasting in Intercultural Discourse
Jan D. ten Thije, Utrecht University , The Netherlands
Abstract. This chapter reconstructs the process of achieving intercultural understanding during the interpreting of humorous teasing in toasting situations at an international research meeting. The analysis focuses on the self-retreat of the interpreter. This self-retreat is an extreme result of the discursive handling of the interpreter's role conflict, which stems from the fact that he or she transmits the utterances of the original speakers and is at the same time an autonomous participant of the interaction. Proposals are discussed that assign certain translatory actions of the interpreter to the continuum depending on his action space. At one end of the continuum, the interpreter is regarded as a so-called translation machine; at the other end, he is considered to be an equal participant in the interaction. The self-retreat of the interpreter has not yet been extensively addressed in the research literature but can be reconstructed with respect to this continuum. The analysis also shows how interpreters reflect and act upon the achievement of functional equivalence in the tripartite discourse structure. The paper concludes by stating that the distinction between 'professional' and 'non-professional' interpreters is actually questionable.

7. Interpreting in Hospitals: Starting Points for Cultural Actions in Institutionalized Communication
Kristin Bührig, University of Hamburg , Germany
Abstract. To what extent is multilingual discourse characterized by intercultural incidents? This question has been widely discussed in current research on translation and intercultural communication, especially as multilingual discourses take place in institutionalized contexts. This chapter aims to contribute to this debate by focusing on interpreted briefings for informed consent in hospitals. By analyzing questions typically posed by medical staff to multilingual patients such as "Do you have any questions?" as well as patients' reactions to these questions, the author aims to reconstruct starting points and forms of cultural actions. The discussion of these actions sheds light on how to optimize not only multilingual but also monolingual communication in institutions.

Notes on Contributors
Index

مراجع في الترجمة 2_Translation References

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إحصائيات Arabic Translators International _ الجمعية الدولية لمترجمي العربية